Interpretation:
The steps for acid and base catalyzed reactions involved in
Concept introduction:
The reaction of water with acetone can take place under acidic or basic conditions.
Water reacts with acetone to form gem
Electrophiles are electron deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.
Acceleration of
Acceleration of chemical reaction by addition of base, without being consumed in the reaction is called base catalyzed reaction.
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- hydrogens on a carbon adjacent to a carbonyl group are far more acidic than those not adjacent to a carbonyl group. The anion derived from acetone, for example, is more stable than is the anion derived from ethane. Account for the greater stability of the anion from acetone. CH,ČCH, H CH,CH, H Acetone Ethane pK, 20.2 pK, 51arrow_forwardGive detailed Solution with explanation needed please explainarrow_forwardProvide reasonable mechanisms for the following reaction.arrow_forward
- Low-molecular-weight dicarboxylic acids normally exhibit two different pK, values. Ionization of the first carboxyl group is easier than the second. This effect diminishes with molecular size, and for adipic acid and longer chain dicarboxylic acids, the two acid ionization constants differ by about one pK unit. Dicarboxylic Acid Structural Formula pK,2 a1 Охalic НООССООН 1.23 4.19 Malonic НООСCH,COOH 2.83 5.69 Succinic HOOC(CH,),COOH 4.16 5.61 Glutaric HOOC(CH,),COOH 4.31 5.41 Adipic HOOC(CH,),COOH 4.43 5.41 Why do the two pK, values differ more for the shorter chain dicarboxylic acids than for the longer chain dicarboxylic acids?arrow_forwardPlease explain in detail how to solve thisarrow_forwardplease answer me in step by steparrow_forward
- How many of the compounds A-D would be expected to dissolve in dilute HCI? ОН А в 0 0 O All of the compounds 01 2 с OH свои D OHarrow_forwardMcq also give some explanationarrow_forwardNaHCO3 can deprotonate benzoic acid but cannot deprotonate phenol. On the other hand, NaOH can deprotonate both benzoic acid and phenol. Given this information, rank the molecules numbered I to V in order of decreasing acidity. COH cOH он H,0 H,CO, IV CH3 II I II (A) V > II >I > III > IV (В) II > 1 > V > III IV (C) II > V >I > IV > IIarrow_forward
- Which sets of curved arrows accounts for the protonation of propene with HI?arrow_forward4 5 Arrange the following bases in increasing base strength. There is no partial credit on this problem. Weakest base 1 2 3 Pyridine (C5H5N), Kb = 1.7 x 10-⁹ Aniline (C6H5NH2), Kb = 3.9 x 10-10 Strongest base Methylamine (CH3NH₂), Kb = 4.4 x 10-4 Hydrazine (N2H4), Kb = 1.3 x 10-6 ⠀ Dimethylamine ((CH3)2NH), K₂ = 5.1 x 10-4arrow_forwardThe ionization of p-nitrophenol is shown below (pKa= 7.0) a) At pH 7, what are the relative concentrations of ionized and un-ionized p-nitrophenol? b) If enough concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of p-nitrophenol to lower the pH from 7 to 5, what will happen to the relative concentrations of the ionized and un-ionized forms? c) A solution of p-nitrophenol at pH 8.3 was found to have an A400 of 0.550. What is the total concentration (in um) of p-nitrophenol (ionized plus un-ionized) in the solution? The molar extinction coefficient of p-nitrophenol is 19,500M-1cm-1 and the pKa is 7.arrow_forward
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