Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305079373
Author: William L. Masterton, Cecile N. Hurley
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 16, Problem 67QAP
Use the values for
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Laser. Indicate the relationship between metastable state and stimulated emission.
The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are
equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation.
a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have
the same energy and number of particles.
b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate,
show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann
distribution.
macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3
ε/k (K) Populations
Populations
Populations
300
5
3
4
200
7
9
8
100
15
17
16
0
33
31
32
DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1
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Chapter 16 Solutions
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Ch. 16 - Spontaneous Processes Which of the following...Ch. 16 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous?...Ch. 16 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous?...Ch. 16 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous?...Ch. 16 - On the basis of your experience, predict which...Ch. 16 - On the basis of your experience, predict which of...Ch. 16 - In each of the following pairs, choose the...Ch. 16 - In each of the following pairs, choose the...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of ΔS for the following: (a) a...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for the following: (a)...
Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 16 - Predict the order of the following reactions in...Ch. 16 - Predict the order of the following reactions in...Ch. 16 - Use Table 16.1 to calculate S for each of the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 18QAPCh. 16 - Use Table 16.1 to calculate S for each of the...Ch. 16 - Use Table 16.1 to calculate S for each of the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 21QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 22QAPCh. 16 - Calculate G at 82C for reactions in which (a)...Ch. 16 - Calculate G at 72C for reactions in which (a)...Ch. 16 - Calculate G at 355 K for each of the reactions in...Ch. 16 - Calculate G at 415 K for each of the reactions in...Ch. 16 - From the values for G f given in Appendix 1,...Ch. 16 - Follow the directions of Problem 27 for each of...Ch. 16 - Use standard entropies and heats of formation to...Ch. 16 - Follow the directions of Question 29 for the...Ch. 16 - It has been proposed that wood alcohol, CH3OH, a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 32QAPCh. 16 - Sodium carbonate, also called washing soda, can be...Ch. 16 - The reaction between magnesium metal and water (l)...Ch. 16 - In the laboratory, POCl3 (phosphorus oxychloride)...Ch. 16 - Oxygen can be made in the laboratory by reacting...Ch. 16 - Phosgene, COCl2, can be formed by the reaction of...Ch. 16 - When permanganate ions in aqueous solution react...Ch. 16 - Discuss the effect of temperature change on the...Ch. 16 - Discuss the effect of temperature on the...Ch. 16 - At what temperature does G become zero for each of...Ch. 16 - Over what temperature range are the reactions in...Ch. 16 - For the reaction...Ch. 16 - For the reaction...Ch. 16 - For the decomposition of Ag2O:...Ch. 16 - Consider the following hypothetical equation...Ch. 16 - Prob. 47QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 48QAPCh. 16 - Red phosphorus is formed by heating white...Ch. 16 - Organ pipes in unheated churches develop tin...Ch. 16 - Prob. 51QAPCh. 16 - Pencil lead is almost pure graphite. Graphite is...Ch. 16 - Given the following data for sodium Na(s): S =51.2...Ch. 16 - Given the following data for bromine: Br2(l); S...Ch. 16 - Show by calculation, using Appendix 1, whether...Ch. 16 - Show by calculation whether the reaction HF(aq)...Ch. 16 - For the reaction...Ch. 16 - For the reaction...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) (a)...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction AgCl(s)Ag+(aq)+Cl(aq) (a)...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction CO(g)+H2O(g)CO2(g)+H2(g) Use...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction NH4+(aq) H+(aq)+NH3(aq) Use ...Ch. 16 - Consider the following reaction at 25C:...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction N2O(g)+NO2(g)3NO(g)K=4.41019...Ch. 16 - For the reaction...Ch. 16 - Consider the decomposition of N2O4 at 100C....Ch. 16 - Use the values for G f in Appendix 1 to calculate...Ch. 16 - Given that H f for HF(aq) is -320.1 kJ/mol and S...Ch. 16 - At 25C, a 0.327 M solution of a weak acid HX has a...Ch. 16 - A 0.250 M solution of a weak base R2NH has a pH of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 71QAPCh. 16 - Given the following standard free energies at 25°C...Ch. 16 - Natural gas, which is mostly methane, CH4, is a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 74QAPCh. 16 - When glucose, C6H12O11, is metabolized to CO2 and...Ch. 16 - Consider the following reactions at 25°C:...Ch. 16 - At 1200 K, an equilibrium mixture of CO and CO2...Ch. 16 - Prob. 78QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 79QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 80QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 81QAPCh. 16 - Carbon monoxide poisoning results when carbon...Ch. 16 - Prob. 83QAPCh. 16 - Determine whether each of the following statements...Ch. 16 - Which of the following quantities can be taken to...Ch. 16 - Fill in the blanks: (a) H° and G° become equal at...Ch. 16 - Fill in the blanks: (a) At equilibrium, G is. (b)...Ch. 16 - Prob. 88QAPCh. 16 - Consider the following reaction with its...Ch. 16 - Consider the graph below: (a) Describe the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 91QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 92QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 93QAPCh. 16 - Hf for iodine gas is 62.4 kJ/mol, and S° is 260.7...Ch. 16 - Prob. 95QAPCh. 16 - The overall reaction that occurs when sugar is...Ch. 16 - Hydrogen has been suggested as the fuel of the...Ch. 16 - When a copper wire is exposed to air at room...Ch. 16 - Kafor acetic acid (HC2H3O2) at 25°C is 1.754105 ....Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction 2HI(g)H2(g)+I2(g)At 500C a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 101QAPCh. 16 - Consider the formation of HI(g) from H2(g) and...
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- In an experiment, the viscosity of water was measured at different temperatures and the table was constructed from the data obtained. a) Calculate the activation energy of viscous flow (kJ/mol). b) Calculate the viscosity at 30°C. T/°C 0 20 40 60 80 η/cpoise 1,972 1,005 0,656 0,469 0,356arrow_forwardDon't used Ai solutionarrow_forwardLet's see if you caught the essentials of the animation. What is the valence value of carbon? a) 4 b) 2 c) 8 d) 6arrow_forward
- A laser emits a line at 632.8 nm. If the cavity is 12 cm long, how many modes oscillate in the cavity? How long does it take for the radiation to travel the entire cavity? What is the frequency difference between 2 consecutive modes?(refractive index of the medium n = 1).arrow_forwardA laser emits a line at 632.8 nm. If the cavity is 12 cm long, how many modes oscillate in the cavity? How long does it take for the radiation to travel the entire cavity? What is the frequency difference between 2 consecutive modes?(refractive index of the medium n = 1).arrow_forwardThe number of microstates corresponding to each macrostate is given by N. The dominant macrostate or configuration of a system is the macrostate with the greatest weight W. Are both statements correct?arrow_forward
- For the single step reaction: A + B → 2C + 25 kJ If the activation energy for this reaction is 35.8 kJ, sketch an energy vs. reaction coordinate diagram for this reaction. Be sure to label the following on your diagram: each of the axes, reactant compounds and product compounds, enthalpy of reaction, activation energy of the forward reaction with the correct value, activation energy of the backwards reaction with the correct value and the transition state. In the same sketch you drew, after the addition of a homogeneous catalyst, show how it would change the graph. Label any new line "catalyst" and label any new activation energy.arrow_forwardHow many grams of C are combined with 3.75 ✕ 1023 atoms of H in the compound C5H12?arrow_forwarde. f. CH3O. יון Br NaOCH3 OCH 3 Br H₂Oarrow_forward
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