Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305079373
Author: William L. Masterton, Cecile N. Hurley
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 16, Problem 34QAP
The reaction between magnesium metal and water (l) produces solid magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Calculate ΔG° for the formation of one mole of Mg(OH)2 at 27°C and at 39°C.
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Chapter 16 Solutions
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Ch. 16 - Spontaneous Processes Which of the following...Ch. 16 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous?...Ch. 16 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous?...Ch. 16 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous?...Ch. 16 - On the basis of your experience, predict which...Ch. 16 - On the basis of your experience, predict which of...Ch. 16 - In each of the following pairs, choose the...Ch. 16 - In each of the following pairs, choose the...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of ΔS for the following: (a) a...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for the following: (a)...
Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 16 - Predict the order of the following reactions in...Ch. 16 - Predict the order of the following reactions in...Ch. 16 - Use Table 16.1 to calculate S for each of the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 18QAPCh. 16 - Use Table 16.1 to calculate S for each of the...Ch. 16 - Use Table 16.1 to calculate S for each of the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 21QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 22QAPCh. 16 - Calculate G at 82C for reactions in which (a)...Ch. 16 - Calculate G at 72C for reactions in which (a)...Ch. 16 - Calculate G at 355 K for each of the reactions in...Ch. 16 - Calculate G at 415 K for each of the reactions in...Ch. 16 - From the values for G f given in Appendix 1,...Ch. 16 - Follow the directions of Problem 27 for each of...Ch. 16 - Use standard entropies and heats of formation to...Ch. 16 - Follow the directions of Question 29 for the...Ch. 16 - It has been proposed that wood alcohol, CH3OH, a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 32QAPCh. 16 - Sodium carbonate, also called washing soda, can be...Ch. 16 - The reaction between magnesium metal and water (l)...Ch. 16 - In the laboratory, POCl3 (phosphorus oxychloride)...Ch. 16 - Oxygen can be made in the laboratory by reacting...Ch. 16 - Phosgene, COCl2, can be formed by the reaction of...Ch. 16 - When permanganate ions in aqueous solution react...Ch. 16 - Discuss the effect of temperature change on the...Ch. 16 - Discuss the effect of temperature on the...Ch. 16 - At what temperature does G become zero for each of...Ch. 16 - Over what temperature range are the reactions in...Ch. 16 - For the reaction...Ch. 16 - For the reaction...Ch. 16 - For the decomposition of Ag2O:...Ch. 16 - Consider the following hypothetical equation...Ch. 16 - Prob. 47QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 48QAPCh. 16 - Red phosphorus is formed by heating white...Ch. 16 - Organ pipes in unheated churches develop tin...Ch. 16 - Prob. 51QAPCh. 16 - Pencil lead is almost pure graphite. Graphite is...Ch. 16 - Given the following data for sodium Na(s): S =51.2...Ch. 16 - Given the following data for bromine: Br2(l); S...Ch. 16 - Show by calculation, using Appendix 1, whether...Ch. 16 - Show by calculation whether the reaction HF(aq)...Ch. 16 - For the reaction...Ch. 16 - For the reaction...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) (a)...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction AgCl(s)Ag+(aq)+Cl(aq) (a)...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction CO(g)+H2O(g)CO2(g)+H2(g) Use...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction NH4+(aq) H+(aq)+NH3(aq) Use ...Ch. 16 - Consider the following reaction at 25C:...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction N2O(g)+NO2(g)3NO(g)K=4.41019...Ch. 16 - For the reaction...Ch. 16 - Consider the decomposition of N2O4 at 100C....Ch. 16 - Use the values for G f in Appendix 1 to calculate...Ch. 16 - Given that H f for HF(aq) is -320.1 kJ/mol and S...Ch. 16 - At 25C, a 0.327 M solution of a weak acid HX has a...Ch. 16 - A 0.250 M solution of a weak base R2NH has a pH of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 71QAPCh. 16 - Given the following standard free energies at 25°C...Ch. 16 - Natural gas, which is mostly methane, CH4, is a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 74QAPCh. 16 - When glucose, C6H12O11, is metabolized to CO2 and...Ch. 16 - Consider the following reactions at 25°C:...Ch. 16 - At 1200 K, an equilibrium mixture of CO and CO2...Ch. 16 - Prob. 78QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 79QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 80QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 81QAPCh. 16 - Carbon monoxide poisoning results when carbon...Ch. 16 - Prob. 83QAPCh. 16 - Determine whether each of the following statements...Ch. 16 - Which of the following quantities can be taken to...Ch. 16 - Fill in the blanks: (a) H° and G° become equal at...Ch. 16 - Fill in the blanks: (a) At equilibrium, G is. (b)...Ch. 16 - Prob. 88QAPCh. 16 - Consider the following reaction with its...Ch. 16 - Consider the graph below: (a) Describe the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 91QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 92QAPCh. 16 - Prob. 93QAPCh. 16 - Hf for iodine gas is 62.4 kJ/mol, and S° is 260.7...Ch. 16 - Prob. 95QAPCh. 16 - The overall reaction that occurs when sugar is...Ch. 16 - Hydrogen has been suggested as the fuel of the...Ch. 16 - When a copper wire is exposed to air at room...Ch. 16 - Kafor acetic acid (HC2H3O2) at 25°C is 1.754105 ....Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction 2HI(g)H2(g)+I2(g)At 500C a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 101QAPCh. 16 - Consider the formation of HI(g) from H2(g) and...
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- Calculate G at 355 K for each of the reactions in Question 17. State whether the reactions are spontaneous.arrow_forwardActually, the carbon in CO2(g) is thermodynamically unstable with respect to the carbon in calcium carbonate(limestone). Verify this by determining the standardGibbs free energy change for the reaction of lime,CaO(s), with CO2(g) to make CaCO3(s).arrow_forwardThe equilibrium constant for a certain reaction increases by a factor of 6.67 when the temperature is increased from 300.0 K to 350.0 K. Calculate the standard change in enthalpy (H) for this reaction (assuming H is temperature-independent).arrow_forward
- a Calculate K1, at 25C for phosphoric acid: H3PO4(aq)H+(aq)+H2PO4(aq) b Which thermodynamic factor is the most significant in accounting for the fact that phosphoric acid is a weak acid? Why ?arrow_forwardConsider the decomposition of red mercury(II) oxide under standard state conditions.. 2HgO(s,red)2Hg(l)+O2(g) (a) Is the decomposition spontaneous under standard state conditions? (b) Above what temperature does the reaction become spontaneous?arrow_forwardCalculate G for the following reactions and state whether each reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions at 298 K. (a) 2Na(s) + H2SO4() Na2SO4(s) + H2(g) (b) Cu(s) + H2SO4() CuSO4(s) + H2(g)arrow_forward
- a Calculate K1, at 25C for sulfurous acid: H2SO3(aq)H+(aq)+HSO3(aq) b Which thermodynamic factor is the most significant in accounting for the fact that sulfurous acid is a weak acid? Why?arrow_forwardThe equilibrium constant for a reaction is 31015 (a) Without carrying out any calculation, discuss whether ?G° for the reaction is positive or negative. (b) Calculate ?G° for this reaction.arrow_forwardWhat information can be determined from G for a reaction? Does one get the same information from G, the standard free energy change? G allows determination of the equilibrium constant K for a reaction. How? How can one estimate the value of K at temperatures other than 25C for a reaction? How can one estimate the temperature where K = 1 for a reaction? Do all reactions have a specific temperature where K = 1?arrow_forward
- One of the reactions that destroys ozone in the upper atmosphere is NO(g)+O3(g)NO2(g)+O2(g) Using data from Appendix 4, calculate G and K (at 298 K) for this reaction.arrow_forwardThe free energy of formation of one mole of compound refers to a particular chemical equation. For each of the following, write that equation. a KBr(s) b CH3Cl(l) c H2S(g) d AsH3(g)arrow_forwardAdenosine triphosphate, ATP, is used as a free-energy source by biological cells. (See the essay on page 624.) ATP hydrolyzes in the presence of enzymes to give ADP: ATP(aq)+H2O(l)ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq);G=30.5kJ/molat25C Consider a hypothetical biochemical reaction of molecule A to give molecule B: A(aq)B(aq);G=+15.0kJ/molat25C Calculate the ratio [B]/[A] at 25C at equilibrium. Now consider this reaction coupled to the reaction for the hydrolysis of ATP: A(aq)+ATP(aq)+H2O(l)B(aq)+ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq) If a cell maintains a high ratio of ATP to ADP and H2PO4 by continuously making ATP, the conversion of A to B can be made highly spontaneous. A characteristic value of this ratio is [ATP][ADP][H2PO4]=500 Calculate the ratio [B][A] in this case and compare it with the uncoupled reaction. Compared with the uncoupled reaction, how much larger is this ratio when coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP?arrow_forward
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