Astronomy
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168284
Author: Andrew Fraknoi; David Morrison; Sidney C. Wolff
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 16, Problem 5E
How is a neutrino different from a neutron? List all the ways you can think of.
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Oxygen-15 undergoes BETA-Positive decay and emits a positron and a neutrino. a) Write the formula for the BETA-Positive decay of Oxygen-15.b). When 0-15 undergoes Beta positive decay, which nucleon spontaneously transformed (Neutron to Proton OR Proton to Neutron), explain with reference to your formula?(Recall that a positron is just like an electron only the charge is POSITIVE)
Question A7
Fusion in the Sun occurs mostly through the proton-proton chain, which starts with the fusion of
two protons, 2 HD+et+ve. The second step is the fusion of one of these particles with a
third proton to make He-3.
a) Name the the three particles created in the first step.
b)
Write the reaction for the second step
Chapter 16 Solutions
Astronomy
Ch. 16 - How do we know the age of the Sun?Ch. 16 - Explain how we know that the Sun’s energy is not...Ch. 16 - What is the ultimate source of energy that makes...Ch. 16 - What are the formulas for the three steps in the...Ch. 16 - How is a neutrino different from a neutron? List...Ch. 16 - Describe in your own words what is meant by the...Ch. 16 - Two astronomy students travel to South Dakota. One...Ch. 16 - What do measurements of the number of neutrinos...Ch. 16 - Do neutrinos have mass? Describe how the answer to...Ch. 16 - Neutrinos produced in the core of the Sun carry...
Ch. 16 - What conditions are required before proton-proton...Ch. 16 - Describe the two main ways that energy travels...Ch. 16 - Someone suggests that astronomers build a special...Ch. 16 - Earth contains radioactive elements whose decay...Ch. 16 - The Sun is much larger and more massive than...Ch. 16 - A friend who has not had the benefit of an...Ch. 16 - Which of the following transformations is (are)...Ch. 16 - Why is a higher temperature required to fuse...Ch. 16 - Earth’s atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium....Ch. 16 - Explain what it means when we say that Earth’s...Ch. 16 - What mechanism transfers heat away from the...Ch. 16 - Suppose you are standing a few feet away from a...Ch. 16 - Give some everyday examples of the transport of...Ch. 16 - Suppose the proton-proton cycle in the Sun were to...Ch. 16 - Do you think that nuclear fusion takes place in...Ch. 16 - Why is fission not an important energy source in...Ch. 16 - Why do you suppose so great a fraction of the...Ch. 16 - Explain how mathematical computer models allow us...Ch. 16 - Estimate the amount of mass that is converted to...Ch. 16 - How much energy is released when a proton combines...Ch. 16 - The Sun converts 4109 kg of mass to energy every...Ch. 16 - Assume that the mass of the Sun is 75% hydrogen...Ch. 16 - In fact, the conversion of mass to energy in the...Ch. 16 - Now suppose that all of the hydrogen atoms in the...Ch. 16 - Models of the Sun indicate that only about 10% of...Ch. 16 - Show that the statement in the text is correct:...Ch. 16 - Every second, the Sun converts 4 million tons of...Ch. 16 - Raymond Davis Jr.’s neutrino detector contained...
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- Raymond Davis Jr.’s neutrino detector contained approximately 1030 chlorine atoms. During his experiment, he found that one neutrino reacted with a chlorine atom to produce one argon atom each day. A. How many days would he have to run the experiment for 1% of his tank to be filled with argon atoms? B. Convert your answer from A. into years. C. Compare this answer to the age of the universe, which is approximately 14 billion years (1.41010y) . D. What does this tell you about how frequently neutrinos interact with matter?arrow_forwardThe power output of the Sun is 41026 W. (a) If 90% of this energy is supplied by the proton-proton chain, how many protons are consumed per second? (b) How many neutrinos per second should there be per square meter at the surface of Earth from this process?arrow_forwardThe power output of the Sun is 41026W. (a) If 90% of this is supplied by the protonproton cycle, how many protons are consumed per second? (b) How many neutrinos per second should there be per square meter at the Earth from this process? This huge number is indicative of how rarely a neutrino interacts, since large detectors observe very few per day.arrow_forward
- didnt asnwer part ii, please asnwer part iiarrow_forwardSuppose you are designing a proton decay experiment and you can detect 50 percent of the proton decays in a tank of water. (a) How many kilograms of water would you need to see one decay per month, assuming a lifetime of 1031 y? (b) How many cubic meters of water is this? (c) If the actual lifetime is 1033 y, how long would you have to wait on an average to see a single proton decay?arrow_forwardTwo astronomy students travel to South Dakota. One stands on Earth’s surface and enjoys some sunshine. At the same time, the other descends into a gold mine where neutrinos are detected, arriving in time to detect the creation of a new radioactive argon nucleus. Although the photon at the surface and the neutrinos in the mine arrive at the same time, they have had very different histories. Describe the differences.arrow_forward
- (a) Calculate the energy released in the a decay of 238U. (b) What fraction of the mass at a single 238U is destroyed in the decay? The mass of 234Th is 234.043593 u. (c) Although the fractional mass loss is laws for a single nucleus, it is difficult to observe for an entire macroscopic sample of uranium. Why is this?arrow_forwardThe mass of a theoretical particle that may be associated with the uni?cation of the electroweak and strong forces is (a) How many proton masses is this? (b) How many electron masses is this? (This indicates how extremely relativistic the accelerator would have to be in order to make the particle, and how large the relativistic quantity (would have to be.)arrow_forward(a) Estimate the mass of the luminous matter in the known universe, given there are 1011 galaxies, each containing 1011 stars of average mass 1.5 times that of our Sun. (b) How many protons (the most abundant nuclide) are there in this mates? (c) Estimate the total number of particles in the observable universe by multiplying the answer to (b) by two, since there is an electron for each proton, and then by 109, since there are far more particles (such as photons and neutrinos) in space than in luminous matter.arrow_forward
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