Astronomy
Astronomy
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168284
Author: Andrew Fraknoi; David Morrison; Sidney C. Wolff
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 16, Problem 37E

Every second, the Sun converts 4 million tons of matter to energy. How long will it take the Sun to reduce its mass by 1% (the mass of the Sun is 2 × 10 30 kg)? Compare your answer with the lifetime of the Sun so far.

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Problem 1. Mass-Energy conversion in the Sun (Palen, et. al. 3rd Edition, Chapter 11, problems 38, 39) The Sun produces energy by converting mass m into energy E according to E = mc2 where c is the speed of light (c = 300,000 km/sec). Show that if the Sun produces 3.85 × 1026 joules (J) of energy per second, it must convert 4.3 billion kg of mass per second into energy. Note that 1 J/s is a watt (W), which may be more familiar to you. How much mass has the Sun lost over its lifetime (4.5 billion years)? The current mass of the Sun is 2 × 1030. What fraction of this mass has been converted into energy during the Sun’s lifetime?
The energy of a moving object is given by the equation of E-mv². What is the constant? What type of variation is this? If the energy is 16 joules and the mass is 1 kg (kilogram), what is the velocity?
Can you solve the problem, according to the information provided?

Chapter 16 Solutions

Astronomy

Ch. 16 - What conditions are required before proton-proton...Ch. 16 - Describe the two main ways that energy travels...Ch. 16 - Someone suggests that astronomers build a special...Ch. 16 - Earth contains radioactive elements whose decay...Ch. 16 - The Sun is much larger and more massive than...Ch. 16 - A friend who has not had the benefit of an...Ch. 16 - Which of the following transformations is (are)...Ch. 16 - Why is a higher temperature required to fuse...Ch. 16 - Earth’s atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium....Ch. 16 - Explain what it means when we say that Earth’s...Ch. 16 - What mechanism transfers heat away from the...Ch. 16 - Suppose you are standing a few feet away from a...Ch. 16 - Give some everyday examples of the transport of...Ch. 16 - Suppose the proton-proton cycle in the Sun were to...Ch. 16 - Do you think that nuclear fusion takes place in...Ch. 16 - Why is fission not an important energy source in...Ch. 16 - Why do you suppose so great a fraction of the...Ch. 16 - Explain how mathematical computer models allow us...Ch. 16 - Estimate the amount of mass that is converted to...Ch. 16 - How much energy is released when a proton combines...Ch. 16 - The Sun converts 4109 kg of mass to energy every...Ch. 16 - Assume that the mass of the Sun is 75% hydrogen...Ch. 16 - In fact, the conversion of mass to energy in the...Ch. 16 - Now suppose that all of the hydrogen atoms in the...Ch. 16 - Models of the Sun indicate that only about 10% of...Ch. 16 - Show that the statement in the text is correct:...Ch. 16 - Every second, the Sun converts 4 million tons of...Ch. 16 - Raymond Davis Jr.’s neutrino detector contained...
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