Astronomy
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168284
Author: Andrew Fraknoi; David Morrison; Sidney C. Wolff
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 16, Problem 24E
Suppose the proton-proton cycle in the Sun were to slow down suddenly and generate energy at only 95% of its current rate. Would an observer on Earth see an immediate decrease in the Sun’s brightness? Would she immediately see a decrease in the number of neutrinos emitted by the Sun?
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Neutrinos produced in the sun escape immediately. Why?
Recall that the solar constant—the flux of solar energy reaching Earth’s vicinity—is about 1,400 W/m2. If the Sun’s energy originates in the proton-proton cycle, at what rate (kg/s) does the Sun lose mass? Compare the yearly mass loss with the Sun’s total mass.
Mass rate = 4.404 x 10^9 kg/s
Why is it important to measure neutrinos and positrons coming from the sun?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Astronomy
Ch. 16 - How do we know the age of the Sun?Ch. 16 - Explain how we know that the Sun’s energy is not...Ch. 16 - What is the ultimate source of energy that makes...Ch. 16 - What are the formulas for the three steps in the...Ch. 16 - How is a neutrino different from a neutron? List...Ch. 16 - Describe in your own words what is meant by the...Ch. 16 - Two astronomy students travel to South Dakota. One...Ch. 16 - What do measurements of the number of neutrinos...Ch. 16 - Do neutrinos have mass? Describe how the answer to...Ch. 16 - Neutrinos produced in the core of the Sun carry...
Ch. 16 - What conditions are required before proton-proton...Ch. 16 - Describe the two main ways that energy travels...Ch. 16 - Someone suggests that astronomers build a special...Ch. 16 - Earth contains radioactive elements whose decay...Ch. 16 - The Sun is much larger and more massive than...Ch. 16 - A friend who has not had the benefit of an...Ch. 16 - Which of the following transformations is (are)...Ch. 16 - Why is a higher temperature required to fuse...Ch. 16 - Earth’s atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium....Ch. 16 - Explain what it means when we say that Earth’s...Ch. 16 - What mechanism transfers heat away from the...Ch. 16 - Suppose you are standing a few feet away from a...Ch. 16 - Give some everyday examples of the transport of...Ch. 16 - Suppose the proton-proton cycle in the Sun were to...Ch. 16 - Do you think that nuclear fusion takes place in...Ch. 16 - Why is fission not an important energy source in...Ch. 16 - Why do you suppose so great a fraction of the...Ch. 16 - Explain how mathematical computer models allow us...Ch. 16 - Estimate the amount of mass that is converted to...Ch. 16 - How much energy is released when a proton combines...Ch. 16 - The Sun converts 4109 kg of mass to energy every...Ch. 16 - Assume that the mass of the Sun is 75% hydrogen...Ch. 16 - In fact, the conversion of mass to energy in the...Ch. 16 - Now suppose that all of the hydrogen atoms in the...Ch. 16 - Models of the Sun indicate that only about 10% of...Ch. 16 - Show that the statement in the text is correct:...Ch. 16 - Every second, the Sun converts 4 million tons of...Ch. 16 - Raymond Davis Jr.’s neutrino detector contained...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, physics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Why is fission not an important energy source in the Sun?arrow_forwardHow is a neutrino different from a neutron? List all the ways you can think of.arrow_forwardWhat is the percentage difference mass loss between a Helium nucleus and 4 protons? My math came out to 99% but I think I did something wrong (this assumes the mass for of 4 protons is 6.6792 x 10^-27kg and a the mass of a helium nucleus is 6.6892e x 10^-27kg (Units need to be in kilograms to use with e=mc^2)arrow_forward
- If you were located 100 km from a 1 GW nuclear power plant,what would the neutrino flux be at your location? Assume that a1 GW nuclear power plant releases 1021 neutrinos per second andyou present a 1 m2 surface to the neutrino flux.arrow_forwardDo neutrinos have mass?arrow_forwardHow much energy (in x 1016 Joule) does the Sun burn 1 kg of hydrogen fuel in a nuclear reaction?arrow_forward
- 7arrow_forwardWhy was the Davis experiment only able to detect one-third of the neutrinos originally predicted? Most of the neutrinos were absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. The neutrinos combined with other particles as they entered Earth’s atmosphere. The neutrinos distributed evenly among three different flavors while traveling to Earth. The number of neutrinos was too great to be held in the tank that Davis designed. The other two-thirds of neutrinos dissipated while traveling to Earth.arrow_forwardHow much energy does 1 nuclear reaction which converts 4 protons to a Helium nucleus generate? In order to maintain thermal equilibrium, how many such nuclear reactions have to occur every second? What is hydrostatic equilibrium?arrow_forward
- What conditions are required before proton-proton chain fusion can start in the Sun?arrow_forwardDo neutrinos have mass? Describe how the answer to this question has changed over time and why.arrow_forwardNow suppose that all of the hydrogen atoms in the Sun were converted into helium. How much total energy would be produced? (To calculate the answer, you will have to estimate how many hydrogen atoms are in the Sun. This will give you good practice with scientific notation, since the numbers involved are very large! See Appendix C for a review of scientific notation.)arrow_forward
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