The protons D–H are to be ranked in order from largest chemical shift to smallest. Concept introduction: A proton’s absorption peak is shifted downfield (i.e., to higher chemical shift) by nearby electronegative atoms. This downfield shift occurs because electronegative atoms are inductively electron withdrawing, so they remove electron density from the nearby proton. The proton is said to be deshielded, resulting in a higher signal frequency, and thus, a larger chemical shift. Magnetic anisotropy deshields hydrogen nuclei associated with simple alkenes and aldehydes . The inductive effect and magnetic anisotropy shifts the proton signal downfield leading to a higher chemical shift. The effects that cause deshielding are essentially additive. Deshielding effects fall off very rapidly with distance.

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 16, Problem 16.15P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The protons D–H are to be ranked in order from largest chemical shift to smallest.

Concept introduction:

A proton’s absorption peak is shifted downfield (i.e., to higher chemical shift) by nearby electronegative atoms. This downfield shift occurs because electronegative atoms are inductively electron withdrawing, so they remove electron density from the nearby proton. The proton is said to be deshielded, resulting in a higher signal frequency, and thus, a larger chemical shift. Magnetic anisotropy deshields hydrogen nuclei associated with simple alkenes and aldehydes. The inductive effect and magnetic anisotropy shifts the proton signal downfield leading to a higher chemical shift. The effects that cause deshielding are essentially additive. Deshielding effects fall off very rapidly with distance.

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A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

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Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 16, Problem 16.15P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The protons D–H are to be ranked in order from largest chemical shift to smallest.

Concept introduction:

A proton’s absorption peak is shifted downfield (i.e., to higher chemical shift) by nearby electronegative atoms. This downfield shift occurs because electronegative atoms are inductively electron withdrawing, so they remove electron density from the nearby proton. The proton is said to be deshielded, resulting in a higher signal frequency, and thus, a larger chemical shift. Magnetic anisotropy deshields hydrogen nuclei associated with simple alkenes and aldehydes. The inductive effect and magnetic anisotropy shifts the proton signal downfield leading to a higher chemical shift. The effects that cause deshielding are essentially additive. Deshielding effects fall off very rapidly with distance.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 16, Problem 16.15P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The protons D–H are to be ranked in order from largest chemical shift to smallest.

Concept introduction:

A proton’s absorption peak is shifted downfield (i.e., to higher chemical shift) by nearby electronegative atoms. This downfield shift occurs because electronegative atoms are inductively electron withdrawing, so they remove electron density from the nearby proton. The proton is said to be deshielded, resulting in a higher signal frequency, and thus, a larger chemical shift. Magnetic anisotropy deshields hydrogen nuclei associated with simple alkenes and aldehydes. The inductive effect and magnetic anisotropy shifts the proton signal downfield leading to a higher chemical shift. The effects that cause deshielding are essentially additive. Deshielding effects fall off very rapidly with distance.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 16, Problem 16.15P

Interpretation Introduction