(a) Interpretation: Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined. Concept introduction: In a 1 H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ . This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

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Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

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Reagan is doing an atomic absorption experiment that requires a set of zinc standards in the 0.4-1.6 ppm range. A 1000 ppm Zn solution was prepared by dissolving the necessary amount of solid Zn(NO3)2 in water. The standards can be prepared by diluting the 1000 ppm Zn solution. Table 1 shows one possible set of serial dilutions (stepwise dilution of a solution) that Reagan could perform to make the necessary standards. Solution A was prepared by diluting 5.00 ml of the 1000 ppm Zn standard to 50.00 ml. Solutions C-E are called "calibration standards" because they will be used to calibrate the atomic absorption spectrometer. a. Compare the solution concentrations expressed as ppm Zn and ppm Zn(NO3)2. Compare the concentrations expressed as M Zn and M Zn(NO3)2 - Which units allow easy conversion between chemical species (e.g. Zn and Zn(NO3)2)? - Which units express concentrations in numbers with easily expressed magnitudes? - Suppose you have an analyte for which you don't know the molar…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

Answer 6

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Answer 7

Chapter 16, Problem 16.85P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which α-carbon from cyclohexanone or cyclobutanone has a greater effective electronegativity is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a 1H NMR spectrum, the position of the signal due to a particular hydrogen along the chemical shift axis is determined by the electron environment around it. The presence of an electronegative atom within three bonds increases the chemical shift δ. This does not necessarily mean a nearby atom like oxygen, nitrogen or a halogen. The effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton will also affect the position of the signal. The higher the effective electronegativity of the carbon bonded to the proton, the higher the chemical shift.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The higher effective electronegativity of the α-carbon in cylcobutanone is to be explained on the basis of the s and p character of the carbon hybridized orbitals.

Concept introduction:

The effective electronegativity of a carbon depends on hybridization. As the s character of the hybrid orbital increases (the number of contributing p orbital decreases), the effective electronegativity increases. This is the result of the reduced distance between the bond electron pair and the nucleus as the s character increases.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.1P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.2P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.3P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.4P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.5P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.6P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.7P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.8P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.9P Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.10P

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Chapter 16 Solutions