The sources of substrate for biosynthesis and the types of pathways that form these substrates. Introduction: Biosynthesis is a multistep process that is catalyzed by enzymes where substrates in a living organism are converted into more complex products. In this process, simple compounds get modified or transform into another compound or bound together to form macromolecules. It helps in building a carbon skeleton by reversing pathways such as TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) which then incorporates nitrogen from amino acids.

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Answer 1

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Chapter 15, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The sources of substrate for biosynthesis and the types of pathways that form these substrates.

Introduction:

Biosynthesis is a multistep process that is catalyzed by enzymes where substrates in a living organism are converted into more complex products. In this process, simple compounds get modified or transform into another compound or bound together to form macromolecules. It helps in building a carbon skeleton by reversing pathways such as TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) which then incorporates nitrogen from amino acids.

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Explanation of Solution

Microbes obtain an organic substrate such as acetyl CoA from minerals like carbonate and nitrate for biosynthesis. Biosynthesis requires nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and other essential elements. Carbon is procured by affixing CO2 (carbon dioxide) or by acquiring other organic molecules. Biosynthesis generally reduces substrates through hydrogenation and oxygen removal. Cell components like amino acids and lipids are reduced more than substrates like acetate and CO2.

Biosynthesis often requires metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are within single-celled organelles while others contain enzymes inside several cell organelles. Examples of such biosynthetic pathways include the production of components for the lipid membrane and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is an energy-demanding process. Chemical energy can be found in the form of molecules with high energy.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The sources of substrate for biosynthesis and the types of pathways that form these substrates.

Introduction:

Biosynthesis is a multistep process that is catalyzed by enzymes where substrates in a living organism are converted into more complex products. In this process, simple compounds get modified or transform into another compound or bound together to form macromolecules. It helps in building a carbon skeleton by reversing pathways such as TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) which then incorporates nitrogen from amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Microbes obtain an organic substrate such as acetyl CoA from minerals like carbonate and nitrate for biosynthesis. Biosynthesis requires nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and other essential elements. Carbon is procured by affixing CO2 (carbon dioxide) or by acquiring other organic molecules. Biosynthesis generally reduces substrates through hydrogenation and oxygen removal. Cell components like amino acids and lipids are reduced more than substrates like acetate and CO2.

Biosynthesis often requires metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are within single-celled organelles while others contain enzymes inside several cell organelles. Examples of such biosynthetic pathways include the production of components for the lipid membrane and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is an energy-demanding process. Chemical energy can be found in the form of molecules with high energy.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The sources of substrate for biosynthesis and the types of pathways that form these substrates.

Introduction:

Biosynthesis is a multistep process that is catalyzed by enzymes where substrates in a living organism are converted into more complex products. In this process, simple compounds get modified or transform into another compound or bound together to form macromolecules. It helps in building a carbon skeleton by reversing pathways such as TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) which then incorporates nitrogen from amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Microbes obtain an organic substrate such as acetyl CoA from minerals like carbonate and nitrate for biosynthesis. Biosynthesis requires nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and other essential elements. Carbon is procured by affixing CO2 (carbon dioxide) or by acquiring other organic molecules. Biosynthesis generally reduces substrates through hydrogenation and oxygen removal. Cell components like amino acids and lipids are reduced more than substrates like acetate and CO2.

Biosynthesis often requires metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are within single-celled organelles while others contain enzymes inside several cell organelles. Examples of such biosynthetic pathways include the production of components for the lipid membrane and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is an energy-demanding process. Chemical energy can be found in the form of molecules with high energy.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The sources of substrate for biosynthesis and the types of pathways that form these substrates.

Introduction:

Biosynthesis is a multistep process that is catalyzed by enzymes where substrates in a living organism are converted into more complex products. In this process, simple compounds get modified or transform into another compound or bound together to form macromolecules. It helps in building a carbon skeleton by reversing pathways such as TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) which then incorporates nitrogen from amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Microbes obtain an organic substrate such as acetyl CoA from minerals like carbonate and nitrate for biosynthesis. Biosynthesis requires nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and other essential elements. Carbon is procured by affixing CO2 (carbon dioxide) or by acquiring other organic molecules. Biosynthesis generally reduces substrates through hydrogenation and oxygen removal. Cell components like amino acids and lipids are reduced more than substrates like acetate and CO2.

Biosynthesis often requires metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are within single-celled organelles while others contain enzymes inside several cell organelles. Examples of such biosynthetic pathways include the production of components for the lipid membrane and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is an energy-demanding process. Chemical energy can be found in the form of molecules with high energy.

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Answer 5

Chapter 15, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The sources of substrate for biosynthesis and the types of pathways that form these substrates.

Introduction:

Biosynthesis is a multistep process that is catalyzed by enzymes where substrates in a living organism are converted into more complex products. In this process, simple compounds get modified or transform into another compound or bound together to form macromolecules. It helps in building a carbon skeleton by reversing pathways such as TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) which then incorporates nitrogen from amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Microbes obtain an organic substrate such as acetyl CoA from minerals like carbonate and nitrate for biosynthesis. Biosynthesis requires nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and other essential elements. Carbon is procured by affixing CO2 (carbon dioxide) or by acquiring other organic molecules. Biosynthesis generally reduces substrates through hydrogenation and oxygen removal. Cell components like amino acids and lipids are reduced more than substrates like acetate and CO2.

Biosynthesis often requires metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are within single-celled organelles while others contain enzymes inside several cell organelles. Examples of such biosynthetic pathways include the production of components for the lipid membrane and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is an energy-demanding process. Chemical energy can be found in the form of molecules with high energy.

Answer 6

Chapter 15, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The sources of substrate for biosynthesis and the types of pathways that form these substrates.

Introduction:

Biosynthesis is a multistep process that is catalyzed by enzymes where substrates in a living organism are converted into more complex products. In this process, simple compounds get modified or transform into another compound or bound together to form macromolecules. It helps in building a carbon skeleton by reversing pathways such as TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) which then incorporates nitrogen from amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Microbes obtain an organic substrate such as acetyl CoA from minerals like carbonate and nitrate for biosynthesis. Biosynthesis requires nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and other essential elements. Carbon is procured by affixing CO2 (carbon dioxide) or by acquiring other organic molecules. Biosynthesis generally reduces substrates through hydrogenation and oxygen removal. Cell components like amino acids and lipids are reduced more than substrates like acetate and CO2.

Biosynthesis often requires metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are within single-celled organelles while others contain enzymes inside several cell organelles. Examples of such biosynthetic pathways include the production of components for the lipid membrane and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is an energy-demanding process. Chemical energy can be found in the form of molecules with high energy.

Answer 7

Chapter 15, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The sources of substrate for biosynthesis and the types of pathways that form these substrates.

Introduction:

Biosynthesis is a multistep process that is catalyzed by enzymes where substrates in a living organism are converted into more complex products. In this process, simple compounds get modified or transform into another compound or bound together to form macromolecules. It helps in building a carbon skeleton by reversing pathways such as TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) which then incorporates nitrogen from amino acids.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Microbes obtain an organic substrate such as acetyl CoA from minerals like carbonate and nitrate for biosynthesis. Biosynthesis requires nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and other essential elements. Carbon is procured by affixing CO2 (carbon dioxide) or by acquiring other organic molecules. Biosynthesis generally reduces substrates through hydrogenation and oxygen removal. Cell components like amino acids and lipids are reduced more than substrates like acetate and CO2.

Biosynthesis often requires metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are within single-celled organelles while others contain enzymes inside several cell organelles. Examples of such biosynthetic pathways include the production of components for the lipid membrane and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is an energy-demanding process. Chemical energy can be found in the form of molecules with high energy.

Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 1TQ Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 1TQ Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 2TQ Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 3TQ Ch. 15.4 - Prob. 1TQ Ch. 15.6 - Prob. 1TQ Ch. 15.6 - Prob. 2TQ Ch. 15.6 - Prob. 3TQ Ch. 15.6 - Prob. 4TQ Ch. 15 - Prob. 1RQ

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