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Leading-question bias. The way the questions in many surveys are phrased can itself be a source of bias. When a question is worded in such a way as to predispose the respondent to provide a particular response, the results of the survey are tainted by a special type of bias called leading-question bias. The following is an extreme hypothetical situation intended to drive the point home. In an effort to find out how the American taxpayer feels about a tax increase, the Institute for Tax Reform conducts a “scientific” one question poll.
Are you in favor of paying higher taxes to bail the federal government out of its disastrous economic policies and its mismanagement of the federal budget? Yes . No . Ninety-five percent of the respondents answered no.
a. Explain why the results of this survey might be invalid.
b. Rephrase the question in a neutral way. Pay particular attention to highly charged words.
c. Make up your own (more subtle) example of leading question bias. Analyze the critical words that are the cause of bias.
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Chapter 14 Solutions
Excursions in Modern Mathematics (9th Edition)
- 2 Q/ Let d₂ +d, di, d2: R² XR² R² defined as follow ((x+x), (2, 1) = √(x-2)² + (x_wx • d₁ ((x,y), (z, w)) = max {1x-z\, \y-w\} • 1 1 dq ((x,y), (Z, W)) = \ x=2\+\-w| 2 • show that dod₁, d₂ are equivalent? 2arrow_forward2 +d, di, d2: R² XR² > R² defined as follow Q/ Let d₂ 2/ d((x+x), (2, 1)) = √(x-2)² + (x-wsc • d₁ ((x,y), (z, w)) = max {| x-z\, \y-w\} • d₂ ((x, y), (Z, W)) = 1x-21+ \y-w| 2 • show that ddi, d₂ are equivalent? އarrow_forwardNumerical anarrow_forward
- 1. Prove the following arguments using the rules of inference. Do not make use of conditional proof. (а) а → (ЪЛс) ¬C ..¬a (b) (pVq) → →r יור (c) (c^h) → j ¬j h (d) s→ d t d -d ..8A-t (e) (pVg) (rv¬s) Лѕ קר .'arrow_forwardThe graph of f(x) is given below. Select each true statement about the continuity of f(x) at x = 1. Select all that apply: ☐ f(x) is not continuous at x = 1 because it is not defined at x = 1. ☐ f(x) is not continuous at x = 1 because lim f(x) does not exist. x+1 ☐ f(x) is not continuous at x = 1 because lim f(x) ‡ f(1). x+→1 ☐ f(x) is continuous at x = 1.arrow_forward2. Consider the following argument: (a) Seabiscuit is a thoroughbred. Seabiscuit is very fast. Every very fast racehorse can win the race. .. Therefore, some thoroughbred racehorse can win the race. Let us define the following predicates, whose domain is racehorses: T(x) x is a thoroughbred F(x) x is very fast R(x) x can win the race : Write the above argument in logical symbols using these predicates. (b) Prove the argument using the rules of inference. Do not make use of conditional proof. (c) Rewrite the proof using full sentences, avoiding logical symbols. It does not need to mention the names of rules of inference, but a fellow CSE 16 student should be able to understand the logical reasoning.arrow_forward
- Find the inverse of the matrix, or determine that the inverse does not exist for: € (b) 7 -12 240 1 1 1 (c) 2 3 2 2 17 036 205 20 (d) -1 1 2 1 T NO 1 0 -1 00 1 0 02 (e) 1 0 00 0 0 1 1arrow_forward4. Prove the following. Use full sentences. Equations in the middle of sentences are fine, but do not use logical symbols. (a) (b) (n+3)2 is odd for every even integer n. It is not the case that whenever n is an integer such that 9 | n² then 9 | n.arrow_forward3. (a) (b) Prove the following logical argument using the rules of inference. Do not make use of conditional proof. Vx(J(x)O(x)) 3x(J(x) A¬S(x)) . ·.³x(O(x) ^ ¬S(x)) Rewrite the proof using full sentences, avoiding logical symbols. It does not need to mention the names of rules of inference, but a fellow CSE 16 student should be able to understand the logical reasoning.arrow_forward
- 3. Pleasearrow_forwardWhat does the margin of error include? When a margin of error is reported for a survey, it includes a. random sampling error and other practical difficulties like undercoverage and non-response b. random sampling error, but not other practical difficulties like undercoverage and nonresponse c. practical difficulties like undercoverage and nonresponse, but not random smapling error d. none of the above is corretarrow_forwarda is done please show barrow_forward
- Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw HillCollege Algebra (MindTap Course List)AlgebraISBN:9781305652231Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff HughesPublisher:Cengage Learning
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