Dynamic Equilibrium in Chemical Systems
14.1 Sketch a graph showing how the concentrations of the reactant A and product P of a typical
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Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter
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- Chemical Equilibrium II Magnesium hydroxide. Mg(OH)2, is a white, partially soluble solid that is used in many antacids. The chemical equation for the dissolving of Mg(OH)2(s) in water is Mg(OH)2(s)Mg2+(aq)+2OH(aq) a Describe a simple experimental procedure that you could use to study this solubility equilibrium. In your experiment, how would you determine when the solution process has attained equilibrium? b Write the equilibrium-constant expression for this dissolving of magnesium hydroxide. c Suppose equilibrium has been established in a container of magnesium hydroxide in water, and you decide to add more solid Mg(OH)2. What would you expect to observe? What effect will this addition of Mg(OH)2 have on the concentrations of Mg2+(aq) and OH(aq)? d Say you haw prepared an equilibrium solution of Mg(OH)2 by adding pure solid Mg(OH)2 to water. If you know the concentration of OH(aq), can you determine the concentration of Mg2+(aq)? If not, what information do you need that will allow you to determine the answer? e You slowly add OH from another source (say, NaOH) to an equilibrium mixture of Mg(OH)2 and water. How do you expect the concentration of the Mg2+(aq) to change? What might you be able to observe happening to the Mg(OH)2(s) as you add the OH? f Next you remove some, but not all, of the Mg(OH)2(s) from the mixture. How will this affect the concentrations of the Mg2+(aq) and OH(aq)? g If someone hands you a container of Mg(OH)2(aq) and there is no solid Mg(OH)2 present, is this solution at equilibrium? If it is not at equilibrium, what could you add to or remove from the container that would give an equilibrium system? h Consider an individual OH(aq) ion in an Mg(OH)2 solution at equilibrium. If you could follow this ion over a long period of time, would you expect it always to remain as an OH(aq) ion, or could it change in some way?arrow_forwardIn Section 13.1 of your text, it is mentioned that equilibrium is reached in a closed system. What is meant by the term closed system. and why is it necessary to have a closed system in order for a system to reach equilibrium? Explain why equilibrium is not reached in an open system.arrow_forwardConsider the reaction N2O4(g)2NO2(g). Draw a graph illustrating the changes of concentrations of N2O4 and NO2 as equilibrium is approached. Describe how the rates of the forward and reverse reactions change as the mixture approaches dynamic equilibrium. Why is this called a dynamic equilibrium?arrow_forward
- . For a given reaction at a given temperature, the special ratio of products to reactants defined by the equilibrium constant is always equal to the same number. Explain why this is true, no matter what initial concentrations of reactants (or products) may have been taken in setting up an experiment.arrow_forwardConsider the following equilibrium: COBr2(g) CO(g) + Br2(g)Kc = 0.190 at 73 C (a) A 0.50 mol sample of COBr2 is transferred to a 9.50-L flask and heated until equilibrium is attained. Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of each species. (b) The volume of the container is decreased to 4.5 L and the system allowed to return to equilibrium. Calculate the new equilibrium concentrations. (Hint: The calculation will be easier if you view this as a new problem with 0.5 mol of COBr2 transferred to a 4.5-L flask.) (c) What is the effect of decreasing the container volume from 9.50 L to 4.50 L?arrow_forward. For the reaction 3O2(g)2O3(g)The equilibrium constant, K, has the value 1.121054at a particular temperature. a. What does the very small equilibrium constant indicate about the extent to which oxygen gas, O2(g), is converted to ozone gas, O3(g), at this temperature? b. If the equilibrium mixture is analyzed and [O2(g)]is found to be 3.04102M, what is the concentration of O3(g) in the mixture’?arrow_forward
- The following reaction is earned out at 500 K in a container equipped with a movable piston. A(g)+B(g)C(g);Kc=10(at500K) After the reaction has reached equilibrium, the container has the composition depicted here. Suppose the container volume is doubled. a How does the equilibrium composition shift? b How does the concentration of each of the reactants and the product change? (That is, does the concentration increase, decrease, or stay the same?)arrow_forwardChemical Equilibrium I Part 1: You run the chemical reaction C(aq)+D(aq)2E(aq) at 25C. The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction at this temperature is 2.0. a Write the equilibrium-constant expression for the reaction. b Can you come up with some possible concentrations of C, D, and E that you might observe when the reaction has reached equilibrium at 25C? What are these values? c A student says that only a very limited number of concentrations for C, D, and E are possible at equilibrium. Is this true? State why you think this is true or is not true. d If you start with 1.0 M concentrations of both C and D and allow the reaction to come to equilibrium, would you expect the concentration of C to have decreased to zero? If not, what would you expect for the concentration of C? (An approximate value is fine.) Part 2: Consider the reaction A(aq)F(aq)+G(aq), whose equilibrium constant is 1.0 105 at 20C. For each of the situations described below, indicate whether any reaction occurs. If reaction does occur, then indicate the direction of that reaction and describe how the concentrations of A, B, F, and G change during this reaction. a A(aq) and B(aq) are mixed together in a container. b F(aq) and G(aq) are mixed together in a container. c A(aq) and F(aq) are mixed together in a container. d B(aq) and G(aq) are mixed together in a container. e Just B(aq) is placed into a container. f Just G(aq) is placed into a container. Consider any one of these situations in which a reaction does occur. At equilibrium, does the reaction mixture have appreciably more products than reactants? If not, how would you describe the equilibrium composition of the reaction mixture? How did you arrive at this answer?arrow_forwardA mixture of 0.0565 mol phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5, and 0.0800 mol helium gas, He, was placed in a 1.000-L flask and heated to 250.0C. The phosphorus pentachloride decomposes at this temperature to give phosphorus trichloride, PCl3, and chlorine gas, Cl2. The helium gas is inert. PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g) What is the partial pressure of helium in this equilibrium mixture at 250.0C? At equilibrium, the total pressure is found to be 6.505 atm. What is Kc for the dissociation of PCl5?arrow_forward
- . In general terms. what does the equilibrium constant for a reaction represent? What is the algebraic form of the equilibrium constant for a typical reaction? What do square brackets indicate when we write an equilibrium constant?arrow_forwardThe decomposition of NH4HS, NH 4 HS( s )NH3( g )+ H 2 S( g ) is an endothermic process. Using Le Chatelier's principle, explain how increasing the temperature would affect the equilibrium. If more NH4HS is added to a flask in which this equilibrium exists, how is the equilibrium affected? What if some additional NH3 is placed in the flask? What will happen to the pressure of NH3 if some H2S is removed from the flask?arrow_forwardMolecular bromine, Br2, dissociates at elevated temperatures into bromine atoms, Br. Br2(g)2Br(g) A 3.000-L flask initially contains pure molecular bromine. The temperature is then raised to 1600 K. If the total pressure of this equilibrium mixture at this elevated temperature is 1.000 atm, what are the total moles of gas in the container? A spectroscopic analysis of this mixture showed that it contained 1.395 g of Br atoms. What is the partial pressure of Br? What is Kp for the dissociation of molecular bromine to bromine atoms?arrow_forward
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