Concept explainers
a.
To determine: The combined frequency of two alleles used in DNA fingerprinting.
Introduction: The detection of variations in the minisatellites, or short tandem repeats used to identify individuals is called DNA fingerprinting. DNA was first used as
b.
To determine: Whether the combined frequency of the alleles point to the suspect as a perpetrator
Introduction: DNA profiling has been used in criminal and civil investigations. The allele frequency with a number of STR probes is calculated, and the probability is matched with the suspect.
c.
To determine: The additional data that can be obtained from the DNA lab to find the perpetrator.
Introduction: The use of DNA profiling has brought about a major revolution in criminal and civil proceedings. The DNA is probed with four STR allele probes, and the frequency is calculated to determine or identify the perpetrator.
d.
To determine: Whether jurors in judicial system understand basic probability and whether DNA evidence can mislead jurors to make a false decision.
Introduction: DNA was first used as forensic evidence in 1986 since then DNA profiling has brought about a major revolution in criminal and civil proceedings. The analysis of DNA profiling includes the study of probability, statistics and population genetics.
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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
- Someone broke into the bookstore and stole thousands of dollars’ worth of textbooks. Some hairs were left behind, from which DNA was extracted. An individual was caught with all five of the stolen textbooks in his bag. He claims his friend gave them to him. You decide to amplify two regions of the DNA (two loci, plural of locus) and digest the samples, and get the following result on the electrophoresis gel.L = Standard marker 1 = Suspect 1 2 = Suspect 2 3 = DNA from crime scene (Note: assume bands that are close in distance traveled are the same length. Higher concentrations of DNA can make a band appear to travel farther.) Which band patterns are similar?arrow_forwardWhat is wrong with simply saying that a suspect is included in a mixture without providing any statistics? Why is it important to establish independence between alleles and between loci? im assuming allele frequency in dna, particualrily forensics. class is forensic dna analysis.arrow_forwardThe genotype at one CODIS Core Locus for the mother is (3,8) and for the father is (5, 7). Answer the questions below as they relate to that one CODIS Core Locus. Show your calculations and explain your logic. What is the probability the sons will show one matching allele to each other? If a forensic profile is (7, 8) for this CODIS Core locus, what is the probability that one of the two sons will match at both alleles and the other will match at just one allele?arrow_forward
- In 1998, Sally Clark was tried for murder after two of her sons died shortly after birth. During the trial, an expert witness for the prosecution testified that the probability of a newborn dying of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was 1/8500, so the probability of two deaths due to SIDS in one family was (1/8500)7, or about one in 73 million. Therefore, he continued, the probability of Clark's innocence was one in 73 million. What is wrong with the prosecution's reasoning?arrow_forwardThe gel image below shows 7 alleles, let's call them 1-7 in order of size, with 1 being the largest and 7 being the smallest. In this sample of 11 individuals, what percentage of individuals have allele 7? Please type your answer as a number, rounded to the nearest whole percentage, just type the number, not the symbol. Answer: In the gel image below 0 percent of individuals have allele 7. Photograph of UV illuminated 1% agarose TBE gel run for 40 minutes at 120 V, showing the result of PCR from a variable number tandem repeat region in 11 different individuals (A-K) ... A B C DE F G H IJK 2000| 1650 1000 850 600 500 Кey: Lane 1: DNA ladder, see image for fragment sizes (bp). Lanes 2-13: PCR products from the same variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) autosomal region of DNA from 11 different individuals (A-K).arrow_forwardJean Manning, Charles Kerfoot, and Edward Berger studied genotypic frequencies at the phosphoglucose isomerase (GPI) locus in the cladoceran Bosmina longirostris (a small crustacean known as a water flea). They collected 176 of the animals from a single location in Union Bay in Seattle, Washington, and determined their GPI genotypes by using electrophoresis (J. Manning, W. C. Kerfoot, and E. M. Berger. 1978. Evolution 32:365–374). Genotype Number S1S1 4 S1S2 38 S2S2 134 Determine the genotypic and allelic frequencies for this population.arrow_forward
- Using the information and data from the 2 photos, answer the last question on the bottom of the second page. Please answer in detail and accurately. The question asks: “Did your results from the coin tosses support your prediction from the Punnett Square? Specify the data you used.”arrow_forwardWhile studying the frequency of sickle-cell disease ("sickle cell anemia") in a population living in sub-Saharan Africa, you obtain the following data from a sample of n= 100 people (note that I chose a simpler system for identifying the alleles rather than using "Hb S" for sickle cell allele), which is the actual name and what you used in lab). What is the frequency of the sickle cell allele (b) in the sample below from a human population? Sample Data BB-60 individuals (No sickle cell disease) Bb-30 individuals (No sickle cell disease) bb-10 individuals (Sickle cell disease) 1. 0.25 2. 0.10 3. 0.35 4. 0.60 5. 0.20arrow_forwardRemember from the lecture that we can create a short tandem repeat (STR) profile, which identifies the two alleles that are present at each locus in a series of loci. For our forensic purposes, we might be interested in the frequencies of particular pairs of alleles at a given locus. Here, we consider a locus called VWA, for which we provide a list of allele frequencies: Allele 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Frequency 0.002 0.094 0.111 0.2 0.281 0.2 0.104 0.005 0.003 (a) Suppose that saliva was recovered at a crime scene and the genotype VWA(13,15) was identified from this. A suspect was apprehended who matched this genotype. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the evidential value of this match? (round your answer to three decimal places) (b) How many possible heterozygous genotypes are there for locus VWA, that could be made up of the alleles listed in the table?arrow_forward
- In a population of weasels, there are 100 individuals with genotype AA, 150 individuals with genotype Aa, and 50 individuals with genotype aa. What is the value of Fst?(recall: Fst = 1 - (Ho / He)). a) 0.25 b) 0.33 c) 0.4 d) 0.5arrow_forwardIf, for an observed data set, a specified gene, and two phenotype classes (disease and wild type), then the number of degrees of freedom for the chi-square goodness of fit test when studying the F2 generation is: a) 0 b) 3 c) -1 d) 2 e) 1arrow_forwardWhat is the mis-application of probability or the simple but incorrect solution?arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning