Concept explainers
a.
To determine: The combined frequency of two alleles used in DNA fingerprinting.
Introduction: The detection of variations in the minisatellites, or short tandem repeats used to identify individuals is called DNA fingerprinting. DNA was first used as
b.
To determine: Whether the combined frequency of the alleles point to the suspect as a perpetrator
Introduction: DNA profiling has been used in criminal and civil investigations. The allele frequency with a number of STR probes is calculated, and the probability is matched with the suspect.
c.
To determine: The additional data that can be obtained from the DNA lab to find the perpetrator.
Introduction: The use of DNA profiling has brought about a major revolution in criminal and civil proceedings. The DNA is probed with four STR allele probes, and the frequency is calculated to determine or identify the perpetrator.
d.
To determine: Whether jurors in judicial system understand basic probability and whether DNA evidence can mislead jurors to make a false decision.
Introduction: DNA was first used as forensic evidence in 1986 since then DNA profiling has brought about a major revolution in criminal and civil proceedings. The analysis of DNA profiling includes the study of probability, statistics and population genetics.
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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
- Someone broke into the bookstore and stole thousands of dollars’ worth of textbooks. Some hairs were left behind, from which DNA was extracted. An individual was caught with all five of the stolen textbooks in his bag. He claims his friend gave them to him. You decide to amplify two regions of the DNA (two loci, plural of locus) and digest the samples, and get the following result on the electrophoresis gel.L = Standard marker 1 = Suspect 1 2 = Suspect 2 3 = DNA from crime scene (Note: assume bands that are close in distance traveled are the same length. Higher concentrations of DNA can make a band appear to travel farther.) Who is most likely the culprit, and how do you know?arrow_forwardSomeone broke into the bookstore and stole thousands of dollars’ worth of textbooks. Some hairs were left behind, from which DNA was extracted. An individual was caught with all five of the stolen textbooks in his bag. He claims his friend gave them to him. You decide to amplify two regions of the DNA (two loci, plural of locus) and digest the samples, and get the following result on the electrophoresis gel.L = Standard marker 1 = Suspect 1 2 = Suspect 2 3 = DNA from crime scene (Note: assume bands that are close in distance traveled are the same length. Higher concentrations of DNA can make a band appear to travel farther.) Which band patterns are similar?arrow_forwardWhat is wrong with simply saying that a suspect is included in a mixture without providing any statistics? Why is it important to establish independence between alleles and between loci? im assuming allele frequency in dna, particualrily forensics. class is forensic dna analysis.arrow_forward
- The genotype at one CODIS Core Locus for the mother is (3,8) and for the father is (5, 7). Answer the questions below as they relate to that one CODIS Core Locus. Show your calculations and explain your logic. What is the probability the sons will show one matching allele to each other? If a forensic profile is (7, 8) for this CODIS Core locus, what is the probability that one of the two sons will match at both alleles and the other will match at just one allele?arrow_forwardThe figure below represents the size of various SSRS that are used for forensic analysis. The bars corresponding to each locus represent the range of size of the various alleles of the locus. Based on the figure, Which loci could result in a PCR product 200 bp in length? Select all correct answers. 100 bp 200 bp 300 bp D8S1179 D21S11 D7S820 CSF1PO D3S1358 TH01 D13S317 D16S539 D2S1338 D19S433 VWA TPOX A TPOX VWA D5S818 III D8S1179 FGA D21S11 O CSF1PO D18S51 FGA 400 bp ||||Iarrow_forwardThe key portion of the autoradiograph from a single locus probe analysis of various DNA samples in a rape investigation is shown in this figure. (Please refer to the attached Picture) Samples of DNA were loaded into the following lanes: (based on the picture) known blood sample of victim known blood sample from defendant DNA size markers female fraction from vaginal swab of victim male fraction from vaginal swab of If you are the DNA analyst, you should conclude that: A. The suspect is guilty B. The suspect might be guilty, but more probes should be used. Explain your answer and Provide Conclusion.arrow_forward
- The next several questions refer to the data given in this problem. You sample a population of leafhoppers and genotype 250 individuals at a polymorphic locus with two alleles. You obtain the following numbers: AA = 68 individualsAa = 54 individualsaa = 128 individuals What is the frequency of the A allele? (You may round your answer to 2 decimal places)arrow_forwardTay-Sachs disease in humans is caused by a recessive allele. The disease is characterized by mental deficiency and blindness, with death occurring by 4 years of age. Among Ashkenazi Jews of central European ancestry, about 1 in 3600 children is born with the disease. Assume Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and calculate the frequency of the Tay- Sachs allele in this population. Round your answer to the nearest 0.001. Type your answer...arrow_forwardplease make sure to read the question and make sure to answer the whole question (THERE ARE OTHER VARIATIONS OF THE QUESTION ON DIFFERNT WEBSITES THAT ARE DIFFERENT THAN MINE)arrow_forward
- The gel image below shows 7 alleles, let's call them 1-7 in order of size, with 1 being the largest and 7 being the smallest. In this sample of 11 individuals, what percentage of individuals have allele 7? Please type your answer as a number, rounded to the nearest whole percentage, just type the number, not the symbol. Answer: In the gel image below 0 percent of individuals have allele 7. Photograph of UV illuminated 1% agarose TBE gel run for 40 minutes at 120 V, showing the result of PCR from a variable number tandem repeat region in 11 different individuals (A-K) ... A B C DE F G H IJK 2000| 1650 1000 850 600 500 Кey: Lane 1: DNA ladder, see image for fragment sizes (bp). Lanes 2-13: PCR products from the same variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) autosomal region of DNA from 11 different individuals (A-K).arrow_forwardJean Manning, Charles Kerfoot, and Edward Berger studied genotypic frequencies at the phosphoglucose isomerase (GPI) locus in the cladoceran Bosmina longirostris (a small crustacean known as a water flea). They collected 176 of the animals from a single location in Union Bay in Seattle, Washington, and determined their GPI genotypes by using electrophoresis (J. Manning, W. C. Kerfoot, and E. M. Berger. 1978. Evolution 32:365–374). Genotype Number S1S1 4 S1S2 38 S2S2 134 Determine the genotypic and allelic frequencies for this population.arrow_forwardDraw a sketch of what they might look likearrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning