(a)
Interpretation:
The differences between the use of a hydrogen discharge lamp and deuterium discharge lamps as source for the ultraviolet radiations are to be explained.
Concept introduction:
The hydrogen discharge lamp as well as the deuterium discharge lamps are used to produce the radiations of ultraviolet radiations having the radiations of varied intensity depending on the usage of the discharge source in the lamp.
(b)
Interpretation:
The difference between the use of the filters and the monochromators as the wavelength selectors is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
The filters and the monochromators are specifically used for the selection of wavelength, but they are used differently based on their quantitative and qualitative applications. The filters as well as the monochromators are used as the wavelength selectors.But they both have their own fields of application.
(c)
Interpretation:
The difference between the use of photovoltaic cells and the phototubes as the
Concept introduction:
The photovoltaic cells as well as the phototubes work on the same principle. They both make use of the electromagnetic radiations incident on them to give their respective outputs. The cells give the current and voltage as output whereas the phototubes work on the low range of radiations and give other electrical signals.
(d)
Interpretation:
The difference between the use of the photodiodes and the photomultiuplier tubes is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
The photodiodes as well as the photomultiplier tubes both make use of the light signals incident on them and produce the required electric signal as per their use.
(e)
Interpretation:
The difference between use of the double beam in space and double beam in time spectrophotometers is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
The both spectrophotometers make use of the two beams from the source and these beams are divided and transmitted by using a beam splitter.
(f)
Interpretation:
The difference between the spectrophotometers and the photometers is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
The photometers and the spectrophotometer are used to determine the spectrum of the radiations, and they are different from each other in terms of wavelength selector used in them.
(g)
Interpretation:
The difference between the single beam and double beam instruments for absorbance measurements is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
The single beam and double beam instruments for absorbance measurements make use of the intensity of the light to measure the absorbance.The double beam instrument makes use of the two beams whereas the single beam make use of single beam.
(h)
Interpretation:
The difference between the conventional and the multichannel spectrophotometers is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
The multichannel spectrophotometers take only a second to record the full spectrum, whereas, the conventional spectrophotometers may take even minutes to record a single spectrum.
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Chapter 13 Solutions
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
- (11pts total) Consider the arrows pointing at three different carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule depicted below. Bond B Bond A Bond C a. (2pts) Which bond between A-C is weakest? Which is strongest? Place answers in appropriate boxes. Weakest Bond Strongest Bond b. (4pts) Consider the relative stability of all cleavage products that form when bonds A, B, AND C are homolytically cleaved/broken. Hint: cleavage products of bonds A, B, and C are all carbon radicals. i. Which ONE cleavage product is the most stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. ii. Which ONE cleavage product is the least stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. c. (5pts) Use principles discussed in lecture, supported by relevant structures, to succinctly explain the why your part b (i) radical is more stable than your part b(ii) radical. Written explanation can be no more than one-two succinct sentence(s)!arrow_forward. 3°C with TH 12. (10pts total) Provide the major product for each reaction depicted below. If no reaction occurs write NR. Assume heat dissipation is carefully controlled in the fluorine reaction. 3H 24 total (30) 24 21 2h • 6H total ● 8H total 34 래 Br2 hv major product will be most Substituted 12 hv Br NR I too weak of a participate in P-1 F₂ hv Statistically most favored product will be major = most subst = thermo favored hydrogen atom abstractor to LL Farrow_forwardFive chemistry project topic that does not involve practicalarrow_forward
- Please correct answer and don't used hand raitingarrow_forwardQ2. Consider the hydrogenation of ethylene C2H4 + H2 = C2H6 The heats of combustion and molar entropies for the three gases at 298 K are given by: C2H4 C2H6 H2 AH comb/kJ mol¹ -1395 -1550 -243 Sº / J K¹ mol-1 220.7 230.4 131.1 The average heat capacity change, ACP, for the reaction over the temperature range 298-1000 K is 10.9 J K¹ mol¹. Using these data, determine: (a) the standard enthalpy change at 800 K (b) the standard entropy change at 800 K (c) the equilibrium constant at 800 K.arrow_forward13. (11pts total) Consider the arrows pointing at three different carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule depicted below. Bond B Bond A Bond C a. (2pts) Which bond between A-C is weakest? Which is strongest? Place answers in appropriate boxes. Weakest Bond Strongest Bond b. (4pts) Consider the relative stability of all cleavage products that form when bonds A, B, AND C are homolytically cleaved/broken. Hint: cleavage products of bonds A, B, and C are all carbon radicals. i. Which ONE cleavage product is the most stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. ii. Which ONE cleavage product is the least stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. c. (5pts) Use principles discussed in lecture, supported by relevant structures, to succinctly explain the why your part b (i) radical is more stable than your part b(ii) radical. Written explanation can be no more than one-two succinct sentence(s)! Googlearrow_forward
- Print Last Name, First Name Initial Statifically more chances to abstract one of these 6H 11. (10pts total) Consider the radical chlorination of 1,3-diethylcyclohexane depicted below. 4 4th total • 6H total 래 • 4H total 21 total ZH 2H Statistical H < 3° C-H weakest - product abstraction here bund leads to thermo favored a) (6pts) How many unique mono-chlorinated products can be formed and what are the structures for the thermodynamically and statistically favored products? Product 6 Number of Unique Mono-Chlorinated Products Thermodynamically Favored Product Statistically Favored Product b) (4pts) Draw the arrow pushing mechanism for the FIRST propagation step (p-1) for the formation of the thermodynamically favored product. Only draw the p-1 step. You do not need to include lone pairs of electrons. No enthalpy calculation necessary H H-Cl Waterfoxarrow_forward10. (5pts) Provide the complete arrow pushing mechanism for the chemical transformation → depicted below Use proper curved arrow notation that explicitly illustrates all bonds being broken, and all bonds formed in the transformation. Also, be sure to include all lone pairs and formal charges on all atoms involved in the flow of electrons. CH3O II HA H CH3O-H H ①arrow_forwardDo the Lone Pairs get added bc its valence e's are a total of 6 for oxygen and that completes it or due to other reasons. How do we know the particular indication of such.arrow_forward
- Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning