Fundamentals of Statistics (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780134508306
Author: Michael Sullivan III
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 12.2, Problem 21AYU
Putting It Together: Women, Aspirin, and Heart Attacks In a famous study by the Physicians Health Study Group from Harvard University from the late 1980s, 22,000 healthy male physicians were randomly divided into two groups; half the physicians took aspirin every other day, and the others were given a placebo. Of the physicians in the aspirin group, 104 heart attacks occurred; of the physicians in the placebo group, 189 heart attacks occurred. The results were statistically significant, which led to the advice that males should take an aspirin every other day in the interest of reducing the chance of having a heart attack. Does the same advice apply to women? In a randomized, placebo-controlled study, 39,876 healthy women 45 years of age or older were randomly divided into two groups. The women in group 1 received 100 mg of aspirin every other day; the women in group 2 received a placebo every other day. The women were monitored for 10 years to determine if they experienced a cardiovascular
Source: Paul M. Ridker et al. “A Randomized Trial of Low-Dose Aspirin in the Primary Prevension of Cardiovascular Disease in Woman.” New England Journal of Medicine 352: 1293–1304.
- a. What is the population being studied? What is the sample?
- b. What is the response variable? Is it qualitative or quantitative?
- c. What are the treatments?
- d. What type of experimental design is this?
- e. How does randomization deal with the explanatory variables that were not controlled in the study?
- f. Determine whether the proportion of cardiovascular events in each treatment group is different using a two-sample Z-test for comparing two proportions. Use the α = 0.05 level of significance. What is the test statistic?
- g. Determine whether the proportion of cardiovascular events in each treatment group is different using a chi-square test for homogeneity of proportions. Use the α = 0.05 level of significance. What is the test statistic?
- h. Square the test statistic from part (f) and compare it to the test statistic from part (g). What do you conclude?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Beer and blood alcohol content: Many people believe that gender, weight, drinking habits, and many other
factors are much more important in predicting blood alcohol content (BAC) than simply considering the
number of drinks a person consumed. Here we examine data from sixteen student volunteers at Ohio State
University who each drank a randomly assigned number of cans of beer. These students were evenly divided
between men and women, and they differed in weight and drinking habits. Thirty minutes later, a police
officer measured their blood alcohol content (BAC) in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood (Malkevitc and
Lesser, 2008). The scatterplot and regression table summarize the findings.
0.15-
0.10-
0.05-
2
8
Cans of beer
Estimate
Intercept
-0.0127
slope
0.0180
(a) Describe the relationship between the number of cans of beer (x) and BAC (y).
weak, positive
moderate/strong, negative
moderate/strong, positive
O weak,negative
(b) Write the equation of the regression line. Interpret…
Beer and blood alcohol content: Many people believe that gender, weight, drinking habits, and many other factors are much more important in predicting blood alcohol content (BAC) than simply considering the number of drinks a person consumed. Here we examine data from sixteen student volunteers at Ohio State University who each drank a randomly assigned number of cans of beer. These students were evenly divided between men and women, and they differed in weight and drinking habits. Thirty minutes later, a police officer measured their blood alcohol content (BAC) in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood (Malkevitc and Lesser, 2008). The scatterplot and regression table summarize the findings.
Write the equation of the regression line. Interpret the slope and intercept in context.The equation of the regression line is (please do not round):ˆy=____ +____ x The interpretation of the slope is:
The p-value for the test is: p≈
The value of R2______ (please leave your answer as a…
Beer and blood alcohol content: Many people believe that gender, weight, drinking habits, and many
other factors are much more important in predicting blood alcohol content (BAC) than simply considering
the number of drinks a person consumed. Here we examine data from sixteen student volunteers at Ohio
State University who each drank a randomly assigned number of cans of beer. These students were evenly
divided between men and women, and they differed in weight and drinking habits. Thirty minutes later, a
police officer measured their blood alcohol content (BAC) in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood
(Malkevitc and Lesser, 2008). The scatterplot and regression table summarize the findings.
BAC (grams per deciliter)
0.15-
0.10-
0.05-
0
D
moderate/strong, positive
moderate/strong, negative
2
D
0
0
0
0
D
Intercept
slope
0
D
4
6
Cans of beer
Estimate
-0.0127
0.0180
a
(a) Describe the relationship between the number of cans of beer (x) and BAC (y).
O weak, positive
O weak, negative
(b)…
Chapter 12 Solutions
Fundamentals of Statistics (5th Edition)
Ch. 12.1 - True or False: The shape of the chi-square...Ch. 12.1 - A _____ test is an inferential procedure used to...Ch. 12.1 - Suppose there are n independent trials of an...Ch. 12.1 - What are the two requirements that must be...Ch. 12.1 - In Problems 5 and 6, determine the expected counts...Ch. 12.1 - In Problems 5 and 6, determine the expected counts...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 7AYUCh. 12.1 - Prob. 8AYUCh. 12.1 - In Problems 710, determine (a) the 2 test...Ch. 12.1 - In Problems 710, determine (a) the 2 test...
Ch. 12.1 - Applying the Concepts 11. NW Plain MMs According...Ch. 12.1 - Peanut MMs According to the manufacturer of MMs,...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 13AYUCh. 12.1 - Prob. 14AYUCh. 12.1 - Always Wear a Helmet The National Highway Traffic...Ch. 12.1 - Religion in Congress Is the religious make-up of...Ch. 12.1 - Does It Matter Where I Sit? Does the location of...Ch. 12.1 - Racial Profiling On January 1, 2004, it became...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 19AYUCh. 12.1 - Prob. 20AYUCh. 12.1 - Prob. 21AYUCh. 12.1 - Is the Die Loaded? A player in a craps game...Ch. 12.1 - Grade Distributions At Joliet Junior College, the...Ch. 12.1 - Population Shift An urban economist wonders if the...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 25AYUCh. 12.1 - Living Alone? In 2000, 25.8% of Americans 15 years...Ch. 12.1 - Putting It Together: The V-2 Rocket in London In...Ch. 12.1 - Putting It Together: Weldons Dice On February 2,...Ch. 12.1 - Buying a New Car How much does the typical person...Ch. 12.1 - Why is goodness of fit a good choice for the title...Ch. 12.1 - Explain why chi-square goodness-of-fit tests are...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 32AYUCh. 12.2 - True or False: The expected frequencies in a...Ch. 12.2 - In a chi-square test for ____ of proportions, we...Ch. 12.2 - The following table contains observed values and...Ch. 12.2 - The table in the next column contains observed...Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 5AYUCh. 12.2 - Prob. 6AYUCh. 12.2 - NW Family Structure and Sexual Activity A...Ch. 12.2 - Prenatal Care An obstetrician wants to learn...Ch. 12.2 - Health and Happiness Are health and happiness...Ch. 12.2 - Health and Education Does amount of education play...Ch. 12.2 - Social Well-Being and Obesity The Gallup...Ch. 12.2 - Profile of Smokers The following data represent...Ch. 12.2 - Efficacy of e-Cigs Do electronic cigarettes assist...Ch. 12.2 - Celebrex Celebrex, a drug manufactured by Pfizer,...Ch. 12.2 - NW Whats in a Word? In a recent survey conducted...Ch. 12.2 - Whats in a Word? Part II In a recent survey...Ch. 12.2 - Dropping a Course A survey was conducted at a...Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 18AYUCh. 12.2 - Prob. 19AYUCh. 12.2 - Prob. 20AYUCh. 12.2 - Putting It Together: Women, Aspirin, and Heart...Ch. 12.2 - Homeruns Go to...Ch. 12.2 - Explain the differences between the chi-square...Ch. 12.2 - Why does the test for homogeneity follow the same...Ch. 12.3 - Suppose a least-squares regression line is given...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 2AYUCh. 12.3 - Prob. 3AYUCh. 12.3 - Prob. 4AYUCh. 12.3 - Prob. 5AYUCh. 12.3 - Prob. 6AYUCh. 12.3 - Prob. 7AYUCh. 12.3 - Prob. 8AYUCh. 12.3 - Prob. 9AYUCh. 12.3 - Prob. 10AYUCh. 12.3 - An Unhealthy Commute The following data represent...Ch. 12.3 - Credit Scores An economist wants to determine the...Ch. 12.3 - Height versus Head Circumference A pediatrician...Ch. 12.3 - Hurricanes The data in the next column represent...Ch. 12.3 - Concrete As concrete cures, it gains strength. The...Ch. 12.3 - Tar and Nicotine Every year the Federal Trade...Ch. 12.3 - Invest in Education Go to...Ch. 12.3 - American Black Bears In 1969, Dr. Michael R....Ch. 12.3 - CEO Performance (Refer to Problem 31 in Section...Ch. 12.3 - Bear Markets (Refer to Problem 32. Section 4.1) A...Ch. 12.3 - Age versus HDL Cholesterol A doctor wanted to...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 22AYUCh. 12.3 - Influential Observations Zillow.com is a site that...Ch. 12.3 - Why is it important to perform graphical as well...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 25AYUCh. 12.3 - Why is it desirable to have the explanatory...Ch. 12.4 - Intervals constructed about the predicted value of...Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 2AYUCh. 12.4 - Prob. 3AYUCh. 12.4 - Using the sample data from Problem 6 in Section...Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 5AYUCh. 12.4 - Prob. 6AYUCh. 12.4 - Prob. 7AYUCh. 12.4 - Prob. 8AYUCh. 12.4 - Prob. 9AYUCh. 12.4 - Prob. 10AYUCh. 12.4 - Prob. 11AYUCh. 12.4 - Tar and Nicotine Use the results of Problem 16 in...Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 13AYUCh. 12.4 - Prob. 14AYUCh. 12.4 - CEO Performance Use the results of Problem 19 from...Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 16AYUCh. 12.4 - Prob. 17AYUCh. 12 - Roulette Wheel A pit boss suspects that a roulette...Ch. 12 - Prob. 2RECh. 12 - Titanic With 20% of men, 74% of women, and 52% of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 4RECh. 12 - Prob. 5RECh. 12 - Prob. 6RECh. 12 - Seat Choice and GPA A biology professor wants to...Ch. 12 - Apartments The following data represent the square...Ch. 12 - Calories versus Sugar The following data represent...Ch. 12 - A pit boss is concerned that a pair of dice being...Ch. 12 - Prob. 2CTCh. 12 - The Harris Poll asked a random sample of adult...Ch. 12 - Prob. 4CTCh. 12 - Prob. 5CTCh. 12 - Prob. 6CTCh. 12 - Crickets make a chirping noise by sliding their...Ch. 12 - The following data represent the height (inches)...Ch. 12 - A researcher believes that as age increases, the...Ch. 12 - CASE STUDY Feeling Lucky? Well, Are You? In fiscal...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Urban Travel Times Population of cities and driving times are related, as shown in the accompanying table, which shows the 1960 population N, in thousands, for several cities, together with the average time T, in minutes, sent by residents driving to work. City Population N Driving time T Los Angeles 6489 16.8 Pittsburgh 1804 12.6 Washington 1808 14.3 Hutchinson 38 6.1 Nashville 347 10.8 Tallahassee 48 7.3 An analysis of these data, along with data from 17 other cities in the United States and Canada, led to a power model of average driving time as a function of population. a Construct a power model of driving time in minutes as a function of population measured in thousands b Is average driving time in Pittsburgh more or less than would be expected from its population? c If you wish to move to a smaller city to reduce your average driving time to work by 25, how much smaller should the city be?arrow_forwardWhat is meant by the sample space of an experiment?arrow_forwardWhat is an experiment?arrow_forward
- Car Window Skin Cancer? A study suggests that exposure to UV rays through the car window may increase the risk of skin cancer. The study reviewed the records of all 1050 skin cancer patients referred to the St. Louis University Cancer Center in 2004. Of the 42 patients with melanoma, the cancer occurred on the left side of the body in 31 patients and on the right side in the other 11. A. Is this an experiment or an observational study? B. Of the patients with melanoma, what proportion had the cancer on the left side? Show what numbers you divide and give answer to 3 decimal places. C. A bootstrap 95% confidence interval for the proportion of melanomas occurring on the left is 0.579 to 0.861. Clearly interpret the confidence interval in the context of the problem. D. Suppose the question of interest is whether melanomas are more likely to occur on the left side than on the right. That is, are over 50% of melanomas on the left side? Ho: p = 0.5 Ha: p > 0.5 Use the confidence interval…arrow_forwardA random survey of health issues, conducted by the Department of Public Health of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, examined the results from the state's seven largest cities. These cities were selected on the basis of their diverse racial and ethnic populations. The percentage of adults with diabetes in each city in the survey is given in the following table. City Boston Worcester Springfield Lowell Fall River Lawrence NewBedford Adults withDiabetes (%) 4.2 5.2 9.1 5.7 8.1 7.9 6.3 Find the average percentage of adults with diabetes in these seven cities. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) %What is the standard deviation for these data? (Round your answer to two decimal places.) %arrow_forwardIn a study researching how donating to charity can affect a person's happiness, 96 participants were given $5 a day for one week. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of two groups. Those assigned to the first group were asked to spend the money on themselves, and those assigned to the second group were asked to donate the money to charity. At the end of the week, all of the participants were asked to rate their overall level of happiness on a scale from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater levels of happiness. Which of the following are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses to test whether the sample data provide convincing statistical evidence that donating to charity results in greater happiness than spending on oneself, on average? Ho self- "charity = 0 (A) Ha self charity >0 Ho self Mcharity=0 (B) Ha self charity 0 (E) Ha self = Mcharity <0arrow_forward
- Quit Smoking: The New England Journal of Medicine published the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment to study the effect of nicotine patches and the antidepressant bupropion on quitting smoking. The target for quitting smoking was the 8th day of the experiment. In this experiment researchers randomly assigned smokers to treatments. The following is an excerpt from this same study. “ A total of 311 subjects (34.8 percent) discontinued one or both medications. Seventy-nine subjects stopped treatment because of adverse events: 6 in the placebo group (3.8 percent), 16 in the nicotine-patch group (6.6 percent), 29 in the bupropion group (11.9 percent), and 28 in the combined treatment group (11.4 percent). The most common adverse events were insomnia and headache.” Recall that 160 smokers took the placebo and 244 smokers used nicotine patches. Could the researcher use this data with an inference procedure from this module to test a claim about (or to estimate the…arrow_forwardCoffee and Depression: Researchers conducted a study investigating the relationship between caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of depression in women. They collected data on 50,739 women free of depression symptoms at the start of the study in the year 1996, and these women were followed through 2006. The researchers used questionnaires to collect data on caffeinated coffee consumption, asked each individual about physician-diagnosed depression, and also asked about the use of antidepressants. The table below shows the distribution of incidences of depression by amount of caffeinated coffee consumption. (M. Lucas et al, 2011). Tip: Do NOT include the TOTAL row and column in your table when you copy into your technology application such as Statcrunch or a Calculator. ≤ 1 cup/week 2-6 cups/week 1 cup/day 2-3 cups/day ≥ 4 cups/day Total 373 905 564 95 2607 Clinical Depression: Yes 670 Clinical Depression: No 11545 6244 16329 11726 2288 48132 Total 12215 6617 17234 12290 2383 50739arrow_forwardA CBS News poll conducted June 10 and 11, 2006, among a nationwide random sample of 651 adults, asked those adults about their party affiliation (Democrat, Republican or none) and their opinion of how the US economy was changing ("getting better," "getting worse" or "about the same"). The results are shown in the table below. better same worse Republican 38 104 44 Democrat 12 87 137 none 21 90 118 What percent of survey respondents identified themselves as affiliated with neither party? ____________% What percent of survey respondents thought the economy was getting worse? ___________% What percent of those affiliated with neither party thought the economy was getting worse?__________% Among survey respondents who thought the economy was getting worse, what percent were affiliated with neither party? What percent of survey respondents were affiliated with neither party and thought the economy was getting worse? ____________%arrow_forward
- People with headaches are randomly divided into two groups. One group gets pain medication, and the other does not. One hour later, the participants are asked about their pain. Is it an experimental study or an observational study?arrow_forwardA study in Sweden looked at former elite soccer players, people who had played soccer, but not at the elite level, and people of the same age who did not play soccer. Here is a two-way table that classifies these subjects by whether or not they had arthritis of the hip or knee by their mid-fifties: Elite Non-elite Did not play Arthritis No arthritis 10 24 61 206 548 (a)What proportion of the people in this study has arthritis of the hip or knee? (b)Among the former elite soccer players, what proportion has arthritis of the hip or knee? (c)Among the former non-elite soccer players, what proportion has arthritis of the hip or knee? (d)Among the people who did not play soccer, what proportion has arthritis of the hip or knee? (e)Based on this study, can you conclude that there is an association between the playing of soccer and arthritis? Justify your answer.arrow_forwardA researcher is conducting an experimental study on the effect of aspirin on heart attack risk. In order to assign who will receive aspirin and who will receive a placebo, she first divides her study into three age groups (18-29, 30-49, and 50 or older). She then randomly assigns individuals within these age groups to either receive aspirin or the placebo. This is an example of systemic?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Functions and Change: A Modeling Approach to Coll...AlgebraISBN:9781337111348Author:Bruce Crauder, Benny Evans, Alan NoellPublisher:Cengage Learning
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw Hill
College Algebra (MindTap Course List)AlgebraISBN:9781305652231Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff HughesPublisher:Cengage Learning
Functions and Change: A Modeling Approach to Coll...
Algebra
ISBN:9781337111348
Author:Bruce Crauder, Benny Evans, Alan Noell
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...
Algebra
ISBN:9780547587776
Author:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Publisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
Algebra
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:McGraw Hill
College Algebra (MindTap Course List)
Algebra
ISBN:9781305652231
Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff Hughes
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Introduction to experimental design and analysis of variance (ANOVA); Author: Dr. Bharatendra Rai;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFo1MwLoxU;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY