
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The number of valence electrons that present in Boron should be calculated.
Concept Introduction:
The closer the atomic orbital is to the nucleus, the lower its energy.
Degenerate orbitals have the same energy.
The electronic configuration of an atom explain the atomic orbital occupies by the atoms electrons.
Electron are assigned to orbitals occupied by the atoms electrons.
Electron are assigned to orbitals (atomic or molecular) following the Aufbau principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and valence electron are electron in the outer most shell.
Core electron are electrons in inner shells.
The outer most shell electron is known as the Valence electron.
(b)
Interpretation: The number of valence electrons that present in Nitrogen should be calculated.
Concept Introduction:
- The closer the atomic orbital is to the nucleus, the lower its energy.
- Degenerate orbitals have the same energy.
- The electronic configurations of an atom explain the atomic orbital occupies by the atoms electrons.
- Electrons are assigned to orbitals occupied by the atoms electrons.
- Electron is assigned to orbitals (atomic or molecular) following the Aufbau principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and valence electron are electron in the outer most shell.
- Core electron is electrons in inner shells.
- The outer most shell electron is known as the Valence electron.
(c)
Interpretation: The number of valence electrons that present in Oxygen should be calculated.
Concept Introduction:
- The closer the atomic orbital is to the nucleus, the lower its energy.
- Degenerate orbitals have the same energy.
- The electronic configuration of an atom explains the atomic orbital occupies by the atoms electrons.
- Electrons are assigned to orbitals occupied by the atoms electrons.
- Electrons are assigned to orbitals (atomic or molecular) following the aufbau principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and valence electron are electron in the outer most shell.
- Core electron is electrons in inner shells.
- The outer most shell electron is known as the Valence electron.
(d)
Interpretation: The number of valence electronss that present in Fluorine should be calculated.
Concept Introduction:
The closer the atomic orbital is to the nucleus, the lower its energy.
Degenerate orbitals have the same energy.
The electronic configuration of an atom explains the atomic orbital occupies by the atoms electrons.
Electron is assigned to orbitals occupied by the atoms electrons.
Electrons are assigned to orbitals (atomic or molecular) following the aufbau principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and valence electron are electron in the outer most shell.
Core electrons are electrons in inner shells.
The outer most shell electron is known as the Valence electron.

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Chapter 1 Solutions
Organic Chemistry (8th Edition)
- Using the conditions of spontaneity to deduce the signs of AH and AS Use the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions A The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous but proceeds faster at temperatures above -48. °C. ΔΗ is (pick one) ✓ AS is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous except below 114. °C but proceeds at a slower rate below 135. °C. ΔΗ is (pick one) AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is C This reaction is exothermic and proceeds faster at temperatures above -43. °C. (pick one) AS is (pick one) v Х 5 ? 18 Ararrow_forwardion. A student proposes the following Lewis structure for the perchlorate (CIO) io : :0: : Cl : - - : :0: ك Assign a formal charge to each atom in the student's Lewis structure. atom central O formal charge ☐ top O ☐ right O ☐ bottom O ☐ Cl ☐arrow_forwardDecide whether these proposed Lewis structures are reasonable. proposed Lewis structure Yes. Is the proposed Lewis structure reasonable? Cl- : 2: :Z: :Z: N—N : 0: C C1: O CO No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* ☐ Yes. No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* | Yes. No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* | If two or more atoms of the same element don't satisfy the octet rule, just enter the chemical symbol as many times as necessary. For example, if two oxygen atoms don't satisfy the octet rule, enter "0,0". ☑arrow_forward
- Use the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions ΔΗ is (pick one) A This reaction is faster above 103. °C than below. AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous only above -9. °C. AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) C The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous. AS is (pick one) 18 Ararrow_forwardUse the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions A The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous but proceeds slower at temperatures below 41. °C. ΔΗ is (pick one) AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous except above 94. °C. AS is (pick one) This reaction is always spontaneous, but ΔΗ is (pick one) C proceeds slower at temperatures below −14. °C. AS is (pick one) Х 00. 18 Ar 무ㅎ B 1 1arrow_forwardDraw the product of the reaction shown below. Ignore inorganic byproducts. + H CH3CH2OH HCI Drawingarrow_forward
- please explain this in simple termsarrow_forwardK Most Reactive Na (3 pts) Can the metal activity series (shown on the right) or a standard reduction potential table explain why potassium metal can be prepared from the reaction of molten KCI and Na metal but sodium metal is not prepared from the reaction of molten NaCl and K metal? Show how (not). Ca Mg Al с Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Ag Au Least Reactivearrow_forward(2 pts) Why is O2 more stable as a diatomic molecule than S2?arrow_forward
- Draw the Lewis structure for the polyatomic phosphite (PO¾³¯) a anion. Be sure to include all resonance structures that satisfy the octet rule. C I A [ ]¯arrow_forwardDecide whether these proposed Lewis structures are reasonable. proposed Lewis structure Is the proposed Lewis structure reasonable? Yes. :0: Cl C C1: 0=0: : 0 : : 0 : H C N No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* ☐ Yes. No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* Yes. ☐ No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* | * If two or more atoms of the same element don't satisfy the octet rule, just enter the chemical symbol as many times as necessary. For example, if two oxygen atoms don't satisfy the octet rule, enter "0,0".arrow_forwardDraw the Lewis structure for the polyatomic trisulfide anion. Be sure to include all resonance structures that satisfy the octet rule. с [ ] - Garrow_forward
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