
Concept explainers
A.
To write: An equation to describe the working of transporter that mediates the transport of a solute down its concentration gradient.
Introduction: Transporter enhances the movement of most small, water-soluble, organic molecules and some inorganic ions across the cell membrane. The cell membrane contains transporter that brings nutrient such as sugar, amino acid, as like enzymes bind with substrate molecule.
A.

Explanation of Solution
Transporters are highly selective toward the solute and sometimes they allow single molecules to transport. An analogous equation shown below describes the movement of a solute mediated by a transporter.
In equation (1), T is denoted by transporter, S is denoted by solute, S* is the solute on the opposite side of the membrane where the solute molecule is same but it is located in different atmosphere.
B.
To explain: The function of a transporter from the above given equation (1).
Introduction: Transporter enhances the movement of most small, water-soluble, organic molecules and some inorganic ions across the cell membrane. The cell membrane contains transporter that brings nutrient such as sugar, amino acid, as like enzymes bind with substrate molecule.
B.

Explanation of Solution
Equation (1) is useful as it represents the binding step followed by a delivery step. It is similar to the mathematical treatment explained for enzymes. In this equation, KM value describes the transporters that represents their empathy for the solute and Vmax value that explains the supreme rate of relocation during transport. To deliver the accurate conformational changes during the transport across the membrane, the following equations shall be given:
In the above equations, T* represents the transporter after the respective conformational changes that show its solute binding area on the opposite portion of the membrane. Equation (3) represents that after conformational changes, the transporter returns to its starting conformation. In the cell’s plasma membrane, the transporter acts as the pathways of transportation of molecular elements across cell and also in mitochondrial membrane.
C.
To explain: The equation (1) is an inappropriate description of channel function.
Introduction: Transporter enhances the movement of most small, water-soluble, organic molecules and some inorganic ions across the cell membrane. The cell membrane contains transporter that brings nutrient such as sugar, amino acid, as like enzymes bind with substrate molecule.
C.

Explanation of Solution
In equation (1), the transporter is to guide and propel the complex traffic of solute into and out of the cell through transportation pathway between the cytosol and different membrane-bound organelles. In this equation, neither the channel nor the behavior of channel is described. When solutes are transported through the membrane, it binds with the transporter. However, in the case of transportation through channels, the solutes do not bind with any transporter.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 12 Solutions
Essential Cell Biology 5e
- Using quail and chick embryos, quail-specific antibody and fluorescent tissue-specific antibodies, design an experiment where you investigate the tissues the cranial neural crest can give rise to. What are four derivatives of the cranial neural crest that you expect to see in the resulting chimeric embryos?arrow_forwardDoes the neural crest have to undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition prior to migration through the developing embryo? Does the neural crest differentiate into different cell types based on their axial position along the anterior and posterior axis?arrow_forwardUsing quail and chicken embryos, what kind of experiment would you conduct to test if rib forming somites have their axial identity specified before segmentation? How do we know this phenotype is due to axial identity being specified before segmentation and not due to our experimental method?arrow_forward
- 8. Aerobic respiration of a 5 mM solution of tripeptide that is composed of the following three amino acids; alanine, leucine and isoleucine. Alanine breaks down to pyruvate, leucine breaks down to Acetyl-CoA and isoleucine breaks down to succinyl-CoA. Alanine NADH FADH2 OP ATP SLP ATP Total ATP Leucine Isoleucine Totals Show your work using dimensional analysis here: 4arrow_forward9. Aerobic respiration of one lipid molecule. The lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule connected to two fatty acid tails. One fatty acid is 12 carbons long and the other fatty acid is 18 carbons long in the figure below. Use the information below to determine how much ATP will be produced from the glycerol part of the lipid. Then, in part B, determine how much ATP is produced from the 2 fatty acids of the lipid. Finally put the NADH and ATP yields together from the glycerol and fatty acids (part A and B) to determine your total number of ATP produced per lipid. Assume no other carbon source is available. fatty acids glycerol 18 carbons 12 carbons 0=arrow_forwardinfluences of environment on the phenotype.arrow_forward
- What is the difference between codominance and phenotypic plasticity?arrow_forwardExplain the differences between polygeny and pleiotropy,arrow_forwardIf using animals in medical experiments could save human lives, is it ethical to do so? In your answer, apply at least one ethical theory in support of your position.arrow_forward
- You aim to test the hypothesis that the Tbx4 and Tbx5 genes inhibit each other's expression during limb development. With access to chicken embryos and viruses capable of overexpressing Tbx4 and Tbx5, describe an experiment to investigate whether these genes suppress each other's expression in the limb buds. What results would you expect if they do repress each other? What results would you expect if they do not repress each other?arrow_forwardYou decide to delete Fgf4 and Fgf8 specifically in the limb bud. Explain why you would not knock out these genes in the entire embryo instead.arrow_forwardYou implant an FGF10-coated bead into the anterior flank of a chicken embryo, directly below the level of the wing bud. What is the phenotype of the resulting ectopic limb? Briefly describe the expected expression domains of 1) Shh, 2) Tbx4, and 3) Tbx5 in the resulting ectopic limb bud.arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education





