
(a)
Interpretation:
Concept introduction:To remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
The magnitude of ionization energy is determined by how effectively valence electron is held by the nucleus. If the outermost shell has, for instance, one or two electronsthat require very minimum ionization energy because they can attain the noble gas configuration upon loss of those electrons.
(a)

Explanation of Solution
With 2 electrons with
(b)
Interpretation:Electrons in
Concept introduction:To remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
The magnitude of ionization energy is determined by how effectively valence electron is held by the nucleus. If the outermost shell has, for instance, one or two electronsthat require very minimum ionization energy because they can attain the noble gas configuration upon loss of those electrons.
(b)

Explanation of Solution
With 2 electrons with
(c)
Interpretation:Electrons in
Concept introduction:To remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
The magnitude of ionization energy is determined by how effectively valence electron is held by the nucleus. If the outermost shell has, for instance, one or two electronsthat require very minimum ionization energy because they can attain the noble gas configuration upon loss of those electrons.
(c)

Explanation of Solution
With 2 electrons with
(d)
Interpretation:Electrons in
Concept introduction:To remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
The magnitude of ionization energy is determined by how effectively valence electron is held by the nucleus. If the outermost shell has, for instance, one or two electronsthat require very minimum ionization energy because they can attain the noble gas configuration upon loss of those electrons.
(d)

Explanation of Solution
With 2 electrons with
(e)
Interpretation:Number of neutrons in this element should be identified.
Concept introduction:To remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
The magnitude of ionization energy is determined by how effectively valence electron is held by the nucleus. If the outermost shell has, for instance, one or two electronsthat require very minimum ionization energy because they can attain the noble gas configuration upon loss of those electrons.
(e)

Explanation of Solution
With 2 electrons with
The formula to compute neutrons from mass number is as follows:
Atomic number is 24.
Mass number is 52.
Substitute the value in above formula.
So there are 28 neutrons in chromium.
(f)
Interpretation:Mass of
Concept introduction:To remove the electron situated in outermost shell certain minimum energy must be imparted so as to convert an atom to gaseous species. The energy thus imparted represents ionization energy.
The magnitude of ionization energy is determined by how effectively valence electron is held by the nucleus. If the outermost shell has, for instance, one or two electronsthat require very minimum ionization energy because they can attain the noble gas configuration upon loss of those electrons.
(f)

Explanation of Solution
With 2 electrons with
Since molar mass of chromium ion is
Thus, mass of
(g)
Interpretation:Ground-state electron configuration of neutral chromium should be written.
Concept introduction:Aufbau rule states that electrons must be filled in lowest energy levels first. For instance, electrons first occupy shells that are lower in energies illustrated as follows:
Pauli’s exclusion principle states thatno two or more than two electrons of a poly electron atom can have same values of 4 quantum numbers that are
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity states that electrons cannot be allowed to pair until each orbital gets singly filled with one electron. These 3 principles form basis for determination of electronic configuration.However, certain elements that are able to achieve nearest half-filled or fully filed configuration show exceptional configurations.
(g)

Explanation of Solution
With 2 electrons with
With atomic number as 24, expected configuration for
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Chapter 12 Solutions
EBK CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES
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