Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781285199030
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 12, Problem 122CP

Classify the bonding in each of the following molecules as ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent.

   a .  H 2                                         d .  SO 2       g .  CF 4 b .  K 3 P                                     e .  HF         h .  K 2 S c .  NaI                                     f .  CCl 4

Expert Solution
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Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The classification of bonding in the given molecule as ionic, polar or nonpolar covalent is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bond that exists between two atoms in which electrons are distributed in an unequal amount is known as polar bond. Due to this unequal distribution of electrons, the molecule will possess the dipole moment in which one end will have partial positive charge and other end will have partial negative charge.

The bonding is formed by the complete transfer of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as ionic bonding.

The bonding is formed by the sharing of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as covalent bonding.

The ability that is possessed by an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons towards itself is known as electronegativity. The electronegativity decreases while going down the group and increases while moving left to right in the period.

Answer to Problem 122CP

The bonding present in the given molecule, H2 is nonpolar covalent.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is H2.

The electronegativity value of hydrogen is 2.1.

The difference in the electronegativity values for HH bond is,

Differenceinelectronegativity for HH bond=2.12.1=0

The difference in the electronegativity values for HH bond is 0.

Thus, the bond formed in H2 is a nonpolar covalent bond with zero electronegativity difference.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The classification of bonding in the given molecule as ionic, polar or nonpolar covalent is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bond that exists between two atoms in which electrons are distributed in an unequal amount is known as polar bond. Due to this unequal distribution of electrons, the molecule will possess the dipole moment in which one end will have partial positive charge and other end will have partial negative charge.

The bonding is formed by the complete transfer of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as ionic bonding.

The bonding is formed by the sharing of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as covalent bonding.

The ability that is possessed by an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons towards itself is known as electronegativity. The electronegativity decreases while going down the group and increases while moving left to right in the period.

Answer to Problem 122CP

The bonding present in the given molecule, K3P is polar covalent.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is K3P.

The electronegativity value of potassium is 0.8.

The electronegativity value of phosphorus is 2.1.

The difference in the electronegativity values for KP bond is,

Differenceinelectronegativity for KP bond=2.10.8=1.3

The difference in the electronegativity values for KP bond is 1.3.

Thus, the bond formed in K3P is a polar covalent bond with electronegativity difference equal to 1.3.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The classification of bonding in the given molecule as ionic, polar or nonpolar covalent is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bond that exists between two atoms in which electrons are distributed in an unequal amount is known as polar bond. Due to this unequal distribution of electrons, the molecule will possess the dipole moment in which one end will have partial positive charge and other end will have partial negative charge.

The bonding is formed by the complete transfer of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as ionic bonding.

The bonding is formed by the sharing of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as covalent bonding.

The ability that is possessed by an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons towards itself is known as electronegativity. The electronegativity decreases while going down the group and increases while moving left to right in the period.

Answer to Problem 122CP

The bonding present in the given molecule, NaI is polar covalent.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is NaI.

The electronegativity value of sodium is 0.9.

The electronegativity value of iodine is 2.5.

The difference in the electronegativity values for NaI bond is,

Differenceinelectronegativity for NaI bond=2.50.9=1.6

The difference in the electronegativity values for NaI bond is 1.6.

Thus, the bond formed in NaI is a polar covalent bond with electronegativity difference equal to 1.6.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The classification of bonding in the given molecule as ionic, polar or nonpolar covalent is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bond that exists between two atoms in which electrons are distributed in an unequal amount is known as polar bond. Due to this unequal distribution of electrons, the molecule will possess the dipole moment in which one end will have partial positive charge and other end will have partial negative charge.

The bonding is formed by the complete transfer of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as ionic bonding.

The bonding is formed by the sharing of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as covalent bonding.

The ability that is possessed by an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons towards itself is known as electronegativity. The electronegativity decreases while going down the group and increases while moving left to right in the period.

Answer to Problem 122CP

The bonding present in the given molecule, SO2 is polar covalent.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is SO2.

The electronegativity value of sulfur is 2.5.

The electronegativity value of oxygen is 3.5.

The difference in the electronegativity values for SO bond is,

Differenceinelectronegativity for SO bond=3.52.5=1.0

The difference in the electronegativity values for SO bond is 1.0.

Thus, the bond formed in SO2 is a polar covalent bond with electronegativity difference equal to 1.0.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The classification of bonding in the given molecule as ionic, polar or nonpolar covalent is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bond that exists between two atoms in which electrons are distributed in an unequal amount is known as polar bond. Due to this unequal distribution of electrons, the molecule will possess the dipole moment in which one end will have partial positive charge and other end will have partial negative charge.

The bonding is formed by the complete transfer of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as ionic bonding.

The bonding is formed by the sharing of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as covalent bonding.

The ability that is possessed by an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons towards itself is known as electronegativity. The electronegativity decreases while going down the group and increases while moving left to right in the period.

Answer to Problem 122CP

The bonding present in the given molecule, HF is polar covalent.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is HF.

The electronegativity value of hydrogen is 2.1.

The electronegativity value of fluorine is 4.0.

The difference in the electronegativity values for HF bond is,

Differenceinelectronegativity for HF bond=4.02.1=1.9

The difference in the electronegativity values for HF bond is 1.9.

Thus, the bond formed in HF is a polar covalent bond with electronegativity difference equal to 1.9.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The classification of bonding in the given molecule as ionic, polar or nonpolar covalent is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bond that exists between two atoms in which electrons are distributed in an unequal amount is known as polar bond. Due to this unequal distribution of electrons, the molecule will possess the dipole moment in which one end will have partial positive charge and other end will have partial negative charge.

The bonding is formed by the complete transfer of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as ionic bonding.

The bonding is formed by the sharing of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as covalent bonding.

The ability that is possessed by an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons towards itself is known as electronegativity. The electronegativity decreases while going down the group and increases while moving left to right in the period.

Answer to Problem 122CP

The bonding present in the given molecule, CCl4 is polar covalent.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is CCl4.

The electronegativity value of carbon is 2.5.

The electronegativity value of chlorine is 3.0.

The difference in the electronegativity values for CCl bond is,

Differenceinelectronegativity for CCl bond=3.02.5=0.5

The difference in the electronegativity values for CCl bond is 0.5.

Thus, the bond formed in CCl4 is a polar covalent bond with electronegativity difference equal to 0.5.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The classification of bonding in the given molecule as ionic, polar or nonpolar covalent is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bond that exists between two atoms in which electrons are distributed in an unequal amount is known as polar bond. Due to this unequal distribution of electrons, the molecule will possess the dipole moment in which one end will have partial positive charge and other end will have partial negative charge.

The bonding is formed by the complete transfer of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as ionic bonding.

The bonding is formed by the sharing of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as covalent bonding.

The ability that is possessed by an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons towards itself is known as electronegativity. The electronegativity decreases while going down the group and increases while moving left to right in the period.

Answer to Problem 122CP

The bonding present in the given molecule, CF4 is polar covalent.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is CF4.

The electronegativity value of carbon is 2.5.

The electronegativity value of fluorine is 4.0.

The difference in the electronegativity values for CF bond is,

Differenceinelectronegativity for CF bond=4.02.5=1.5

The difference in the electronegativity values for CF bond is 0.5.

Thus, the bond formed in CF4 is a polar covalent bond with electronegativity difference equal to 1.5.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

The classification of bonding in the given molecule as ionic, polar or nonpolar covalent is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The chemical bond that exists between two atoms in which electrons are distributed in an unequal amount is known as polar bond. Due to this unequal distribution of electrons, the molecule will possess the dipole moment in which one end will have partial positive charge and other end will have partial negative charge.

The bonding is formed by the complete transfer of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as ionic bonding.

The bonding is formed by the sharing of the electrons between the atoms to achieve the stable electron configuration is known as covalent bonding.

The ability that is possessed by an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons towards itself is known as electronegativity. The electronegativity decreases while going down the group and increases while moving left to right in the period.

Answer to Problem 122CP

The bonding present in the given molecule, K2S is polar covalent.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is K2S.

The electronegativity value of potassium is 0.8.

The electronegativity value of sulfur is 2.5.

The difference in the electronegativity values for KS bond is,

Differenceinelectronegativity for KS bond=2.50.8=1.7

The difference in the electronegativity values for KS bond is 1.7.

Thus, the bond formed in K2S is a polar covalent bond with electronegativity difference equal to 1.7.

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Chapter 12 Solutions

Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation

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