Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781285199030
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 12, Problem 103AP
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by sodium should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by sodium is Na+.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

  • The atomic number of sodium, Na is 11. The electronic configuration is:.

Na:[Ne]3s1

The total number of valence electron in sodium = 1

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration it loses 1 electron present in the valence shell that is 3s1 and results in the formation of sodium cation, Na+. The electronic configuration of Na+ is:

Na+:[Ne]3s0

Na+:[Ne].

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by iodine should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by iodine is I.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

  • The atomic number of iodine, I is 53. The electronic configuration is:.

I:[Kr]4d105s25p5

The total number of valence electron in iodine = 7

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration, it gains 1 electron results in the formation of iodine anion, I. The electronic configuration of I is:

I:[Kr]4d105s25p6

I-:[Xe].

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by potassium should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by potassium is K+.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

  • The atomic number of potassium, K is 19. The electronic configuration is:.

K:[Ar]4s1

The total number of valence electron in potassium = 1

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration it loses 1 electron present in the valence shell that is 4s1 and results in the formation of potassium cation, K+. The electronic configuration of K+ is:

K+:[Ar]4s0

K+:[Ar].

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by calcium should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by calcium is Ca2+.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

  • The atomic number of calcium, Ca is 20. The electronic configuration is:.

Ca:[Ar]4s2

The total number of valence electron in calcium = 2

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration it loses 2 electrons present in the valence shell that is 4s2 and results in the formation of calcium cation, Ca2+. The electronic configuration of Ca2+ is:

Ca2+:[Ar]4s0

Ca2+:[Ar].

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by sulfur should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by sulfur is S2-.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

  • The atomic number of sulfur, S is 16. The electronic configuration is:.

S:[Ne]3s23p4

The total number of valence electron in sulfur = 6

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration, it gains 2 electrons and results in the formation of sulphur anion, S2-. The electronic configuration of S2- is:

S2:[Ne]3s23p6

S2-:[Ar].

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by magnesium should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by magnesium is Mg2+.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

  • The atomic number of magnesium, Mg is 12. The electronic configuration is:.

Mg:[Ne]3s2

The total number of valence electron in magnesium = 2

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration it loses 2 electrons present in the valence shell that is 3s2 and results in the formation of magnesium cation, Mg2+. The electronic configuration of Mg2+ is:

Mg2+:[Ne]3s0

Mg2+:[Ne].

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by aluminum should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by aluminium is Al3+.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

  • The atomic number of aluminium, Al is 13. The electronic configuration is:.

Al:[Ne]3s23p1

The total number of valence electron in aluminum = 3

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration it loses 2 electrons present in the valence shell that is 3s23p1 and results in the formation of magnesium cation, Al3+. The electronic configuration of Al3+ is:

Al3+:[Ne]3s03p0

Al3+:[Ne].

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by nitrogen should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by nitrogen is N3-.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

  • The atomic number of nitrogen, N is 7. The electronic configuration is:.

N:[He]2s22p3

The total number of valence electron in nitrogen = 5

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration, it gains 3 and results in the formation of nitrogen anion, N3-. The electronic configuration of N3- is:

N3:[He]2s22p6

N3:[Ne].

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Chapter 12 Solutions

Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation

Ch. 12 - hat is meant by a chemical bond?Ch. 12 - hy do atoms form bonds with one another? What can...Ch. 12 - ow does a bond between Naand Cldiffer from a bond...Ch. 12 - n your own words, what is meant by the term...Ch. 12 - xplain the difference between ionic bonding and...Ch. 12 - rue or false? In general, a larger atom has a...Ch. 12 - hy is there an octet rule (and what does actet...Ch. 12 - Does a Lewis structure tell which electrons came...Ch. 12 - If lithium and fluorine react, which has more...Ch. 12 - In a bond between fluorine and iodine, which has...Ch. 12 - We use differences in electronegative to account...Ch. 12 - Prob. 14ALQCh. 12 - Why do we only the consider the valence electrons...Ch. 12 - How do we determine the total number of valence...Ch. 12 - What is the main idea in the valence shell...Ch. 12 - The molecules NH3andBF3have the same general...Ch. 12 - How do we deal with multiple bonds in VSEPR...Ch. 12 - In Section 12.10 of your text, the term “effective...Ch. 12 - Prob. 21ALQCh. 12 - Prob. 22ALQCh. 12 - Prob. 1QAPCh. 12 - Prob. 2QAPCh. 12 - hat sorts of elements react to form ionic...Ch. 12 - n general terms, what is a covalent bond?Ch. 12 - escribe the type of bonding that exists in the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6QAPCh. 12 - he relative ability of an atom in a molecule to...Ch. 12 - hat does it mean to say that a bond is polar? Give...Ch. 12 - Prob. 9QAPCh. 12 - What factor determines the relative level of...Ch. 12 - In each of the following groups, which element is...Ch. 12 - In each of the following groups. which element is...Ch. 12 - On the basis. of the electronegativity values...Ch. 12 - On the basis of the electronegativity values given...Ch. 12 - Which of the following molecules contain polar...Ch. 12 - Which of the following molecules contain polar...Ch. 12 - On the basis of the electronegativity values given...Ch. 12 - On the basis of the electronegativity values given...Ch. 12 - Which brand in each of the following pairs has the...Ch. 12 - Which hand in each of the following pairs has less...Ch. 12 - What is a dipole moment? 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Give three examples of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 90APCh. 12 - The geometric arrangement of electron pairs around...Ch. 12 - Choose the bond that is the least polar. 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Are the molecules in...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3CRCh. 12 - Prob. 4CRCh. 12 - Prob. 5CRCh. 12 - hat is the enthalpy change for a process? Is...Ch. 12 - Prob. 7CRCh. 12 - Prob. 8CRCh. 12 - Prob. 9CRCh. 12 - What is a driving force? Name two common and...Ch. 12 - Prob. 11CRCh. 12 - Methane, CH4, is the major component of natural...Ch. 12 - What is electronegative radiation? Give some...Ch. 12 - Prob. 14CRCh. 12 - Do atoms in excited states emit radiation...Ch. 12 - Prob. 16CRCh. 12 - Schrodinger and de Broglie suggested a...Ch. 12 - Describe the general characteristics of the first...Ch. 12 - Prob. 19CRCh. 12 - Describe the sublevels and orbitals that...Ch. 12 - Describe electron spin. How does electron spin...Ch. 12 - Prob. 22CRCh. 12 - List the order in which the orbitals are filled as...Ch. 12 - Prob. 24CRCh. 12 - Prob. 25CRCh. 12 - Prob. 26CRCh. 12 - What are the representative elements? In what...Ch. 12 - Prob. 28CRCh. 12 - Prob. 29CRCh. 12 - Prob. 30CRCh. 12 - Prob. 31CRCh. 12 - Prob. 32CRCh. 12 - Prob. 33CRCh. 12 - Prob. 34CRCh. 12 - Give evidence that ionic bonds are very strong....Ch. 12 - Prob. 36CRCh. 12 - Prob. 37CRCh. 12 - For three simple molecules of your own choice,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 39CRCh. 12 - Prob. 40CRCh. 12 - Prob. 41CRCh. 12 - Prob. 42CRCh. 12 - Prob. 43CRCh. 12 - Prob. 44CRCh. 12 - Prob. 45CRCh. 12 - Prob. 46CR
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