Chapter 11, Problem 36P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Starting from isobutane, the synthesis of given compounds is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

Substitution reaction takes place when an alkane reacts with bromine to form the corresponding bromoalkane derivative.

In presence of peroxides, hydrogen bromide reacts with alkenes by anti-Markovnikov’s rule.

Potassium iodide in acetone reacts with alkyl bromide to give the corresponding iodo derivative.

Alkenes are converted to alcohols by methods such as acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes, oxymercuration–demercuration reactions and hydroboration–oxidation reactions.

Hydroboration–oxidation reaction proceeds by anti-Markovnikov’s regioselectivity.

Ether is formed when haloalkanes react with sodium alkoxides.

Alkyl nitriles are formed when haloalkanes react with sodium cyanide.

Haloalkanes react with sodium methane thiolate to form corresponding thiolates.

Alkenes undergo ring closure when they react with bromine and water in a basic medium.

Alkenes if reacted with osmium tetroxide and sodium bisulphite, leads to the cleavage of double bond and alcohol with vicinal hydroxyl groups is obtained.

Halo bromine undergoes reaction with ammonia to form the corresponding amine.

Epoxide ring openes if an alkoxide ion acts on it.