Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The structure for products A, B, C, and D with stereochemistry are to be written.
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Alcohols on reaction with potassium metal, produce hydrogen gas and alkoxides. Ether is formed when alkoxide and alkyl halide react with each other.
Alcohols form tosylates on reaction of tosyl chloride in presence of pyridine. Alcohols in presence of potassium carbonate, produce alkoxide. Alkoxides on
Nucleophilic substitution reaction is a reaction in which an electron rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partial positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group.
The
The
An
The nucleophilic substitutions in which a nucleophile replaces a leaving group are known as
The stability of carbocation:
The molecules that are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.
A pair of two mirror images that are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.
The objects or molecules that are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.
The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds, but they are optically inactive.
The stereoisomers that are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.
Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light
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Organic Chemistry
- Give reasons: (i) C—Cl bond length in chlorobenzene is shorter than C—Cl bond length in CH3—Cl.(ii) The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.(iii) SN1 reactions are accompanied by racemization in optically active alkyl halidesarrow_forwardCompound X, C,4H12Br2, is optically inactive. On treatment with strong base, X gives hydrocarbon Y, C14H10: Compound Y absorbs 2 equivalents of hydrogen when reduced over a palladium catalyst to give z (C14H14) and reacts with ozone to give one product, benzoic acid (C,Hg02). Draw the structure of compound Z. • Use the wedge/hash bond tools to indicate stereochemistry where it exists. • Ignore alkene stereochemistry. • If more than one structure fits the description, draw them all. • Draw one structure per sketcher. Add additional sketchers using the drop-down menu in the bottom right corner. • Separate structures with + signs from the drop-down menu. ChemDoodlearrow_forwardRank by the stability of the alkene isomers. The most stable isomer is 1, while the least stable isomer is 5. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)arrow_forward
- • PRACTICE PROBLEM 8.12 Treating a hindered alkene such as 2-methyl-2-butene with BH3:THE leads to the for- mation of a dialkylborane instead of a trialkylborane. When 2 mol of 2-methyl-2-butene is added to 1 mol of BH3, the product formed is bis(3-methyl-2-butyl)borane, nicknamed in reagent "disiamylborane." Write its structure. Bis(3-methyl-2-butyl)borane is a useful certain syntheses that require a sterically hindered borane. (The name “disiamyl" comes from "disecondary-iso-amyl," a completely unsystematic and unacceptable name. The name "amyl" is an old common name for a five-carbon alkyl group.) donbyarrow_forwardDevelop syntheses for the following compounds. As starting materials, you may use cyclopentanol, alcohols containing no more than four carbon atoms, and any common reagents and solvents. (a) trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diol (b) 1-chloro-1-ethylcyclopentanearrow_forward(a) When cis-1-bromo-2-methylcyclohexane undergoes an E2 reaction, two products (cycloalkenes) are formed. What are these two cycloalkenes, and which would you expect to be the major product? Write conformational structures showing how each is formed. (b) When rans-1-bromo-2-methylcyclohexane reacts in an E2 reaction, only one cyclo- alkene is formed. What is this product? Write conformational structures showing why it is the only product.arrow_forward
- PRACTICE PROBLEM 6.5 Using chair conformational structures (SectionA), show the nueleophilie substitution reaction that would take place when trans-1-bromo-4-tert-butyleyclohexane reacts with lodide lon. (Show the most stable conformnation of the reactant and the product.) Sy2 reactions always occur with inversion of configurationarrow_forward5) Compound A reacted with Mg in ether to give B. Compound B is with Ethyl bromide to give Ethyl cyclohexane. What are the structures of A and B?arrow_forward(2) (1) CH3 -CH2 CH3 This ether can, in principle, be synthesized by two different combinations of haloalkane and metal alkoxide. Draw the combination of alkyl chloride and potassium alkoxide that forms the higher yield of ether.arrow_forward
- Provide IUPAC names for the following compounds.(a) (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 (b) CH3¬C(CH3)2¬CH3arrow_forwardExplain why (i) the dipole moment in chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride. (ii) haloalkanes are only slightly soluble in water but dissolve easily in organic solvents.arrow_forward2,5-cyclohexdiene-1,4-dione is completely ozonolyzed followed by hydrolysis to get a compound A which on further complete oxidation gives compound B. Identify A and B and write their IUPAC names.arrow_forward