The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given. Concept Introduction: Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization. Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself. Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle. Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Question

(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

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Answer 5

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 6

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 7

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 14

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Answer 25

Ch. 11.1 - The term nuclide is a term used to describe a....Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 11.1 - In the notation carbon-14, the number 14 is a. the...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 11.3 - The explanation for how a beta particle is...

Solution Summary: The author explains that naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays, which differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Chapter 11 Solutions