(a) Interpretation: Whether the Pb-70% Sn alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined. Concept Introduction: The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy, whereas,the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Question

A nozzle is attached to a fire hose by a bolted flange as shown below. What is the force tending to tear apart that flange when the valve in the nozzle is closed?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the Pb-70% Sn alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy, whereas,the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

During solidification process, the value of composition of the first solid needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

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A nozzle is attached to a fire hose by a bolted flange as shown below. What is the force tending to tear apart that flange when the valve in the nozzle is closed?

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the Pb-70% Sn alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy, whereas,the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

During solidification process, the value of composition of the first solid needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the Pb-70% Sn alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy, whereas,the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

During solidification process, the value of composition of the first solid needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the Pb-70% Sn alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy, whereas,the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

During solidification process, the value of composition of the first solid needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

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Answer 5

Chapter 11, Problem 11.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the Pb-70% Sn alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy, whereas,the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

During solidification process, the value of composition of the first solid needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 6

Chapter 11, Problem 11.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the Pb-70% Sn alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy, whereas,the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Answer 7

Chapter 11, Problem 11.21P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Whether the Pb-70% Sn alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The composition of an alloy that lies to the left of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hypo-eutectic alloy, whereas,the composition of an alloy that lies to the right of the eutectic point in the alloy phase diagram is termed as a hyper-eutectic alloy. The hypereutectic alloy has a composition beyond the eutectic point.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

During solidification process, the value of composition of the first solid needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

During solidification process, the value of composition of the first solid needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 184°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount each phase at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of microconstituent at 182°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 16

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 17

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The composition and amount of each phase at 25°C needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solidification process is also known as a Freezing process which is a phase change of matter. The phase change of matter that results in the production of the solid phase. Regularly, this occurs when the temperature of the liquid is lowered below the freezing point. Undercooling of liquids takes place in the process of solidification. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercooling. The constituents of the metastable products are the result of kinetic competition.

Answer 18

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Answer 29

Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.1P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.2P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.3P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.4P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.5P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.6P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.7P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.8P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.9P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that the composition of the Pb-70% Sn alloy is hypoeutectic, while the right-most alloy has a composition beyond it. Solidification can yield metastable product structures at high undercool

Chapter 11 Solutions