ANAT.+PHYSIO.1-LAB.MAN. >CUSTOM<
20th Edition
ISBN: 9781264303106
Author: VanPutte
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 11, Problem 10CT
Summary Introduction
To describe:
The kind of channelopathies that might contribute to epilepsy.
Introduction:
The diseases which are caused by the dysfunctioning of the ion channels are known as channelopathies. Channelopathies can either be acquired or congenital. Ion channels that are involved in channelopathies can be potassium, sodium, or calcium ion channels.
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Epilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by seizures that result whenneurons in the brain produce excessive action potentials. Channelopathiesare genetic disorders caused by mutations in ion channel genes, whichresult in ion channels that do not function normally. What kind of Na+ orCa2+channelopathies might contribute to epilepsy?
In the introduction section the authors wrote “In general, the polarity-dependent mechanisms are recognized to cause membrane depolarization by anodal stimulation which increases cerebral excitability, or membrane hyperpolarization by cathodal stimulation leading to a decrease in neuronal excitability.” Based on this quote what affect, if any, does anodal stimulation have on ion channels?
What happens across the membrane of an electrically active cell is a dynamic process that is hard to visualize with static images or through text descriptions. View this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/dynamic1) to learn more about this process. What is the difference between the driving force for Na+ and K+? And what is similar about the movement of these two ions?
Chapter 11 Solutions
ANAT.+PHYSIO.1-LAB.MAN. >CUSTOM<
Ch. 11.1 - List and give examples of the general functions of...Ch. 11.2 - Name the components of the CNS and the PNS.Ch. 11.2 - What are the following: sensory receptor, nerve,...Ch. 11.2 - Based on the direction they transmit action...Ch. 11.2 - Based on the structures they supply, what are the...Ch. 11.2 - Where are the cell bodies of sensory, somatic...Ch. 11.2 - What are the subcategories of the ANS?Ch. 11.2 - Compare the general functions of the CNS and the...Ch. 11.3 - Describe and give the function of a neuron cell...Ch. 11.3 - What is the function of the trigger zone?
Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 11AYPCh. 11.3 - Describe the three types of neurons based on...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 13AYPCh. 11.3 - What characteristic makes glial cells different...Ch. 11.3 - Which glial cells are found in the CNS? In the...Ch. 11.3 - Which type of glial cell Supports neurons and...Ch. 11.3 - Name the different kinds of glial cells that ore...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 18AYPCh. 11.3 - How do myelinated axons differ from unmyelinated...Ch. 11.4 - What makes up gray matter and white matter?Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 21AYPCh. 11.5 - Describe the concentration differences for Na+ and...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 23AYPCh. 11.5 - Describe leak ion channels and go ted ion...Ch. 11.5 - Define ligand, receptor, and receptor site.Ch. 11.5 - What kinds of stimuli cause gated ion channels to...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 27AYPCh. 11.5 - Prob. 28AYPCh. 11.5 - Prob. 29AYPCh. 11.5 - What happens to cause depolarization and...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 31AYPCh. 11.5 - Prob. 32AYPCh. 11.5 - How does on action potential differ from a local...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 34AYPCh. 11.5 - Prob. 35AYPCh. 11.5 - Prob. 36AYPCh. 11.5 - Prob. 37AYPCh. 11.5 - Prob. 38AYPCh. 11.5 - What is action potential frequency? What two...Ch. 11.5 - Describe sub-threshold threshold, maximal,...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 41AYPCh. 11.5 - What prevents on action potential from reversing...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 43AYPCh. 11.5 - Prob. 44AYPCh. 11.5 - Prob. 45AYPCh. 11.6 - What are the components of a synapse? What is the...Ch. 11.6 - What is on electrical synapse? Describe its...Ch. 11.6 - Describe the release of neurotransmitter In a...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 49AYPCh. 11.6 - Prob. 50AYPCh. 11.6 - Prob. 51AYPCh. 11.6 - Explain the production of EPSPs and IPSPs. Why are...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 53AYPCh. 11.6 - Prob. 54AYPCh. 11.6 - Prob. 55AYPCh. 11.6 - Prob. 56AYPCh. 11.7 - Diagram a convergent pathway, a divergent pathway,...Ch. 11 - The part of the nervous system that controls...Ch. 11 - Motor neurons and interneurons are _______...Ch. 11 - Cells found in the choroid plexuses that secrete...Ch. 11 - Glial cells that are phagocytic within the central...Ch. 11 - Action potentials are conducted more rapidly In...Ch. 11 - Clusters of neuron cell bodies within the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7RACCh. 11 - Prob. 8RACCh. 11 - Compared with the inside of the resting plasma...Ch. 11 - Prob. 10RACCh. 11 - Prob. 11RACCh. 11 - If the permeability of the plasma membrane to K+...Ch. 11 - Decreasing the extracellular concentration of K+...Ch. 11 - Prob. 14RACCh. 11 - Which of these statements about ion movement...Ch. 11 - Prob. 16RACCh. 11 - Graded potentials a. spread over the plasma...Ch. 11 - During the depolarization phase of an action...Ch. 11 - Prob. 19RACCh. 11 - Prob. 20RACCh. 11 - Prob. 21RACCh. 11 - Neurotransmitter substances are stored in vesicles...Ch. 11 - In a chemical synapse, Action potentials in the...Ch. 11 - An inhibitory presynaptic neuron can affect a...Ch. 11 - Summation Is caused by combining two or more...Ch. 11 - In convergent pathways. a. the response of the...Ch. 11 - A child eats a whole bottle of salt (NaCl)...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2CTCh. 11 - Prob. 3CTCh. 11 - Prob. 4CTCh. 11 - The speed of action potential propagation and...Ch. 11 - Prob. 6CTCh. 11 - Strychnine blocks receptor sites for inhibitory...Ch. 11 - Prob. 8CTCh. 11 - Prob. 9CTCh. 11 - Prob. 10CT
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- In the figure to the left, name the 4 phases of the action potential (Note: you have to write in where phase 4 occurs). Describe what happens in each phase with a focus on Na+ and K+ flow through channels and the membrane potential. Discuss the importance of threshold. How does this relate to the concept of APs being all or none?arrow_forwardThere are two types of gated ion channels. Name the 2 types and provide a description of how they workarrow_forwardIdentify the inhibitory neurotransmitter which opens chloride ion channels. gamma amino butyric acid acetylcholine tubocurarine strychnine glutamate Spastic paralysis (resulting from the failure of muscles to relax), induced by the neurotoxin strychnine, occurs when this poison blocks the binding of: the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to post-synaptic sodium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to post-synaptic calcium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin to post-synaptic potassium channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to post-synaptic chloride channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter melatonin to post-synaptic bicarbonate channelsarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements regarding action potentials is false? Na+ channel inactivation is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore. Once Na+ channels enter the inactivated state, the only way to remove the inactivation is by repolarizing them (bring the neuron back to rest). Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels begin to open at the same time when the membrane is depolarized. The probability that voltage-gated Na+ channels will open is increased when the membrane depolarizes.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about voltage gated channels is true? Voltage-gated sodium channels open at a higher (more positive) membrane potential than do potassium-gated channels Voltage-gated sodium channels open at a lower (more negative) membrane potential than do potassium-gated channels Sodium- and postassium-gated channels open at about the same membrane potential, but they have different effects because there are different numbers of the two kinds of channels in neuron cell membranesarrow_forwardCystic fibrosis is a degenerative disease that causes the progressive breakdown of the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons. Which of the following best describes the likely effect of cystic fibrosis on neuronal function? A B C D an inhibition in the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic terminal a decrease in the conduction speed of the action potential along neuronal axons an unstoppable generation of action potential in affected neurons an inhibition in the generation of action potentials at neuronal dendritesarrow_forward
- A) What is the point A on the graph? Define this term. B) What ions are moving at B on the graph, what direction are they moving and what type of channel is it? C) What ions are moving at C on the graph, what direction are they moving and what type of channel is it? D) If we used a chemical on the nerve at point B that prevented the channels for C from opening what would happen to the action potential?arrow_forwardConformational changes in channel proteins brought about by voltage changes are responsible for opening and closing Na+ and K+ gates during the generation of an action potential. (True or false?)arrow_forwardFill in the diagram, your illustration should demonstrate for each phase of the AP: 1. The relative concentration of K and Na 2. The relative voltage across the membrane 3. Any movement across the membrane of K and NA 4. The three kinds of channels in the membrane, and their state (open or closed) 5. Finally, indicate on the graph of the AP which phases correspond to hyper- polarization and which phases correspond to de- polarization Outside Outside Inside Inside Outside Inside Outside 1 Outside Inside Insidearrow_forward
- For each phase, again, name the phase. Then draw in the figures below: Na+ and K+ channels. Draw them open or closed as appropriate. Where Na+ and K+ ions are located If Na+ or K+ are moving, draw the direction that they move. Make sure they move through their appropriate ion channel.arrow_forwardHyperkalemia is a condition by which ECF potassium levels become too high (usually due to kidney failure). Consider the following questions about the consequence of hyperkalemia on membrane potential. How would hyperkalemia affect EK? Considering your answer to the previous question, how would hyperkalemia affect membrane potential?arrow_forwardPatch clamping is a technique to record the electrical potential or to measure currents generated by ions moving across the cell membrane. The figure shows the patch clamp records of a neurone before (control) and after treatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX) from pufferfish. TTX most like binds to and blocks Control inward current 50 pA 5 ms TTX voltage-gated sodium channels voltage-gated chloride channels sodium potassium pumps nicotinic acetylcholine receptors alpha adrenergic receptors muscarinic acetylcholine receptors beta adrenergic receptorsarrow_forward
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