Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780321897398
Author: Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, David A. Stahl, Thomas Brock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 10, Problem 1AQ
A constitutive mutant is a strain that continuously makes a protein that is inducible in the wild type. Describe two ways in which a change in a DNA molecule could lead to the emergence of a constitutive mutant. How could these two types of constitutive mutants be distinguished genetically?
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Bacteriophage P22 was used in generalised transduction experiments to infect the Salmonella
typhimurium donor strains described in the table below.
The resulting phage lysates were then used to infect the recipient strains of S. typhimurium
recipient strains listed in the table.
In each cross, a phenotype was selected for one of the selected for one of the three genetic
markers studied (str, aceA, thrA), and were made to select the recombinants corresponding to the
other two markers. markers.
The results are given in the following table:
Strain
I donor
str thrA
aceA thrA
str aceA+
Strain
recipient
strs thrA+
aceA thrA
str aceA
Phenotype
selected
Str
Ace+
Str
recombinants
selected
ThrA
ThrA
ThrA
ThrA
Ace
Ace
Number
60
40
95
5
10
90
str: gene involved in streptomycin resistance,
aceA: gene involved in the use of acetate as a carbon source,
thrA: gene involved in threonine biosynthesis.
1) What are the selective media used in these three transduction experiments? to obtain the
selected…
Consider the following experiment. First, large populations of two mutant strains of Escherichia coli are mixed, each requiring a different, single amino acid. After plating them onto a minimal medium, 45 colonies grew. Which of the following may explain this result?
A) The colonies may be due to back mutation (reversion).
B) The colonies may be due to recombination.
C) Either A or B is possible.
D) Neither A nor B is possible.
Chapter 10 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
Ch. 10.1 - Distinguish between a mutation and a mutant.Ch. 10.1 - Distinguish between screening and selection.Ch. 10.2 - Do missense mutations occur in genes encoding...Ch. 10.2 - Why do frameshift mutations generally have more...Ch. 10.3 - Why does the Ames test measure the rate of...Ch. 10.3 - Which class of mutation, missense or nonsense, is...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 1MQCh. 10.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 10.4 - Prob. 3MQCh. 10.5 - Prob. 1MQ
Ch. 10.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 10.5 - Prob. 3MQCh. 10.6 - During transformation a cell usually incorporates...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 10.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 10.7 - What is the major difference between generalized...Ch. 10.7 - Why is phage conversion considered beneficial to...Ch. 10.8 - In conjugation, how are donor and recipient cells...Ch. 10.8 - Explain how rolling circle DNA replication allows...Ch. 10.8 - Prob. 3MQCh. 10.9 - In conjugation involving the F plasmid of...Ch. 10.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 10.9 - Prob. 3MQCh. 10.10 - Why is it usually more difficult to select...Ch. 10.10 - Why do penicillins not kill species of Archaea?Ch. 10.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 10.11 - What is the significance of the terminal inverted...Ch. 10.11 - How can transposons be used in bacterial genetics?Ch. 10.12 - Why is the CRISPR system considered a prokaryotic...Ch. 10.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 10 - Write a one-sentence definition of the term...Ch. 10 - Prob. 2RQCh. 10 - Prob. 3RQCh. 10 - Prob. 4RQCh. 10 - Prob. 5RQCh. 10 - What are heteroduplex regions of DNA and what...Ch. 10 - QExplain why recipient cells do not successfully...Ch. 10 - QExplain how a generalized transducing particle...Ch. 10 - QWhat is a sex pilus and which cell type, F or F+,...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10RQCh. 10 - Prob. 11RQCh. 10 - Prob. 12RQCh. 10 - QExplain why incoming DNA recognized by a short...Ch. 10 - A constitutive mutant is a strain that...Ch. 10 - Although a large number of mutagenic chemicals are...Ch. 10 - Why is it difficult in a single experiment to...Ch. 10 - Prob. 4AQ
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- What is a recombinant vector? How is a recombinant vector constructed? Explain how X-Gal is used in a method of identifying recombinant vectors that contain segments of chromosomal DNA.arrow_forwardTransposon mutagenesis was used to generate a library of mutants within the Salmonella genome. You are trying to identify a colony with the transposon inserted in the pathogenic related gene SPI-1 using PCR. Forward and reverse primers are generated that flank either side of the gene and yield a wild type product that is 900 bases in length. Which of the colonies sampled in the gel would you expect to contain the SPI-1 gene with transposon insertion? 3,000 2,000 1,000 700 500 300 100 Ladder Colony A Colony B Colony C Colony D Colony E none colonies A&C colonies B&E O colonies A, C, &D colonies B, D, &E -arrow_forwardWhat is homologous recombination and where/when does it typically take place in an organism. Homologous recombination is also used experimentally during gene targeting. If you wanted to remove the function of the mouse gene fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) using gene targeting by homologous recombination, what are the different aspects of a targeting vector you would need to make?arrow_forward
- A research group is studying a bacterium X that binds to mucosal cells in the lung and invades. Wildtype X has an LD50 value of 10 bacteria when administered to mice by inhalation. Using transposon mutagenesis, the researchers have isolated two mutants of X that they call Xmut1 and Xmut2, both of which have LD50 values of 105 when inhaled by mice. However, in tissue culture cells, Xmut1 can invade the cells just as well as wild-type X, while Xmut2 cannot. Provide a possible explanation for these results.arrow_forwardDNA from a strain of bacteria with genotype a+ b+ c+ d+ e+ was isolated and used to transform a strain of bacteria that was a− b− c− d− e−. The transformants were tested for the presence of donated genes. The following genes were cotransformed: a+ and d+ b+ and e+ c+ and d+ c+ and e+ What is the order of genes a, b, c, d, and e on the bacterial chromosome?arrow_forwardA bacterial transformation is performed with a donor strain that is resistant to four drugs, A, B, C, and D, and a recipient strain that is sensitive to all four drugs. The resulting recipient cell population is divided and plated onmedia containing various combinations of the drugs. The following table shows the results.a. One of the genes is distant from the other three, which appear to be closely linked. Which is the distant gene? b. What is the likely order of the three closely linked genesarrow_forward
- Consider the following types of cells: F+, F-, Hfr, and F’ cells. Which of these four types of cells are capable of acting as a donor during conjugation? What genes does each cell that is capable of acting as a donor donate to the recipient cell?arrow_forwardT. Miyake and M. Demerec examined proline-requiring mutations in the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (). On the basis of complementation testing, they found four proline auxotrophs: proA, proB, proC, and proD. To determine whether proA, proB, proC, and proD loci were located close together on the bacterial chromosome, they conducted a transduction experiment. Bacterial strains that were proC+ and had mutations at proA, proB, or proD were used as donors. The donors were infected with bacteriophages, and progeny phages were allowed to infect recipient bacteria with genotype proC− proA+ proB+ proD+. The recipient bacteria werethen plated on a selective medium that allowed only proC+ bacteria to grow. After this, the proC+ transductants were plated on selective media to reveal their genotypes at the other three pro loci. The following results were obtained: Q.Why are there no proC− genotypes among the transductants?arrow_forwardT. Miyake and M. Demerec examined proline-requiring mutations in the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (). On the basis of complementation testing, they found four proline auxotrophs: proA, proB, proC, and proD. To determine whether proA, proB, proC, and proD loci were located close together on the bacterial chromosome, they conducted a transduction experiment. Bacterial strains that were proC+ and had mutations at proA, proB, or proD were used as donors. The donors were infected with bacteriophages, and progeny phages were allowed to infect recipient bacteria with genotype proC− proA+ proB+ proD+. The recipient bacteria werethen plated on a selective medium that allowed only proC+ bacteria to grow. After this, the proC+ transductants were plated on selective media to reveal their genotypes at the other three pro loci. The following results were obtained: Q.Which genotypes represent single transductants and which represent cotransductants?arrow_forward
- T. Miyake and M. Demerec examined proline-requiring mutations in the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (). On the basis of complementation testing, they found four proline auxotrophs: proA, proB, proC, and proD. To determine whether proA, proB, proC, and proD loci were located close together on the bacterial chromosome, they conducted a transduction experiment. Bacterial strains that were proC+ and had mutations at proA, proB, or proD were used as donors. The donors were infected with bacteriophages, and progeny phages were allowed to infect recipient bacteria with genotype proC− proA+ proB+ proD+. The recipient bacteria werethen plated on a selective medium that allowed only proC+ bacteria to grow. After this, the proC+ transductants were plated on selective media to reveal their genotypes at the other three pro loci. The following results were obtained: Q.Is there evidence that proA, proB, and proD are located close to proC? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardE. coli strains diploid for the lac region were constructed by introducing a plasmid carrying the lac genes. The plasmid carries one copy of the lac region, and the chromosome carries the other copy. The two copies of the lac region have different genotypes, as shown in the chart below. Indicate whether the products of the lacy gene (permease) and the lacZ gene (B-galactosidase) will be inducible, uninducible, or constitutive in each strain (assuming glucose is absent). lac region on plasmid lac region on chromosome permease B-galactosidase I-o+Z+Y- I+o+ Z-Y+ I+o+Z+Y- I+o° Z=Y+ I- oº Z+Y- I+o+ Z-Y+ Is o+ Z+Y- I+o+ Z-Y+ I+ oc Z+Y- IS O+ Z-Y+arrow_forwardBacteriophage P22 was used in generalized transduction experiments to infect the Salmonella typhimurium donor strains described in the table below. The resulting phage lysates were then used to infect the S. typhimurium recipient strains listed in the table. In each cross, a phenotype was selected for one of the three genetic markers studied (str, aceA, thrA), and then replicates were performed to select the corresponding recombinants for the other two markers. The results are given in the following table: Recipient strain Selected phenotype Selected recombinants Donor strain str thrA aceA+ thrA str aceA+ strs thrA+ aceA thrA+ str aceA Str Ace+ Str ThrA ThrA+ ThrA ThrA+ Ace Ace str: gene involved in streptomycin resistance, aceA gene involved in the use of acetate as a carbon source, thrA: gene involved in the biosynthesis of threonine. Number 60 40 95 5 10 90 Determine the order of the genes and draw a genetic map showing this orderarrow_forward
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