Chemistry: Atoms First
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780073511184
Author: Julia Burdge, Jason Overby Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 10, Problem 10.1QP
Define these terms: system, surroundings, thermal energy, chemical energy.
Expert Solution & Answer
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation: The terms system, surroundings, thermal energy and chemical energy has to be defined.
Concept Introduction:
The terms system, surroundings, thermal energy and chemical energy are involved in thermodynamic process.
System can be defined as portion of universe and surrounding can be defined as rest of the universe other than the system.
Thermal energy can be defined as internal energy that is seen in the system because of its temperature.
Chemical energy can be defined as the energy that is seen in the chemical bonds of atoms and molecules. The chemical energy occurs as energy released during a chemical reaction
Answer to Problem 10.1QP
System can be defined as portion of universe.
Surrounding can be defined as rest of universe other than the system.
Thermal energy can be defined as internal energy that is seen in the system because of its temperature.
Chemical energy can be defined as the energy that is seen in the chemical bonds of atoms and molecules. The chemical energy occurs as energy released during a chemical reaction
Explanation of Solution
System can be defined as portion of universe. The physical and chemical changes of substance generally constitute a system.
There are types of system in thermodynamics namely,
- 1. Open system
- 2. Closed system
- 3. Isolated system
Open system: The free exchange of matter and energy with its surroundings is called as open system. The exchange of matter in open system takes place either by addition of matter or removal of matter. The exchange of energy is much more complicated than exchange of heat. The exchange of energy takes place through heat and through work.
The figure below shows the transfer of energy and matter.
Figure 1
Closed system: The exchange of energy with its surroundings and not matter is called as closed system. The transfer of energy is similar to that of open system
The figure below shows the transfer of energy in close system
Figure 2
Isolated system: Either exchange of energy or matter takes place with the surroundings is called isolated system.
To define surroundings
Surrounding can be defined as rest of universe other than the system.
Explanation:
Any part of the universe other than the system is called as surroundings.
Consider, the example of acid-base neutralization reaction,
The reactants
To define thermal energy
Thermal energy can be defined as internal energy that is seen in the system because of its temperature.
Explanation:
Thermal energy can be defined as internal energy that is seen in the system because of its temperature. Thermal energy deals the unsystematic motion of atoms and molecules.
Its type of kinetic energy that is due to motion. Thermal energy results in substance possessing an internal temperature, which can be measured.
Consider, the example below
Thermometer having degrees in Celsius or Fahrenheit, the particles move faster within an object or system, higher the temperature is recorded.
To define chemical energy
Chemical energy can be defined as the energy that is seen in the chemical bonds of atoms and molecules. The chemical energy occurs as energy released during a chemical reaction.
Explanation:
The form of energy that is stored in chemical bonds of atoms and molecules are called as chemical energy. The chemical energy occurs as energy released during a chemical reaction called as exothermic energy
Examples of matter containing chemical energy are,
- 1) Coal- Chemical energy is converted into light and heat.
- 2) Wood- Chemical energy is converted into light and heat. Etc
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Chapter 10 Solutions
Chemistry: Atoms First
Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 10.1.1SRCh. 10.1 - Prob. 10.1.2SRCh. 10.1 - Prob. 10.1.3SRCh. 10.2 - Calculate the overall change in internal energy,...Ch. 10.2 - Calculate the change in total internal energy for...Ch. 10.2 - Calculate the magnitude of q for a system that...Ch. 10.2 - The diagram on the left shows a system before a...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 10.2.1SRCh. 10.2 - Prob. 10.2.2SRCh. 10.3 - Determine the work done (in joules) when a sample...
Ch. 10.3 - Calculate the work done by or on the system during...Ch. 10.3 - (a) Against what external pressure must a gas...Ch. 10.3 - The diagram on the left shows a sample of gas...Ch. 10.3 - Given the thermochemical equation for...Ch. 10.3 - Calculate the solar energy required to produce...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 3PPBCh. 10.3 - The diagrams represent systems before and after...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 10.3.1SRCh. 10.3 - Prob. 10.3.2SRCh. 10.4 - Prob. 10.4WECh. 10.4 - Prob. 4PPACh. 10.4 - Prob. 4PPBCh. 10.4 - A metal pellet with a mass of 100.0 g. originally...Ch. 10.4 - What would the final temperature be if the pellet...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 5PPBCh. 10.4 - Prob. 5PPCCh. 10.4 - A Famous Amos bite-sized chocolate chip cookie...Ch. 10.4 - A serving of Grape-Nuts cereal (5.80 g) is burned...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 6PPBCh. 10.4 - Suppose an experiment to determine the energy...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 10.4.1SRCh. 10.4 - Prob. 10.4.2SRCh. 10.4 - Prob. 10.4.3SRCh. 10.4 - Prob. 10.4.4SRCh. 10.5 - Given the following thermochemical equations....Ch. 10.5 - Use the thermochemical equations provided in...Ch. 10.5 - Prob. 10.5.1SRCh. 10.5 - Prob. 10.5.2SRCh. 10.6 - Prob. 10.8WECh. 10.6 - Using data from Appendix 2, calculate Hrn for...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 8PPBCh. 10.6 - The diagrams represent a system before and after a...Ch. 10.6 - Given the following information, calculate the...Ch. 10.6 - Use the following data to calculate Hf for...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 9PPBCh. 10.6 - The diagrams represent a system before and after a...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 10.6.1SRCh. 10.6 - Prob. 10.6.2SRCh. 10.6 - Prob. 10.6.3SRCh. 10.7 - Use bond enthalpies from Table 10.4 to estimate...Ch. 10.7 - Use bond enthalpies from fable 10.4 to estimate...Ch. 10.7 - Prob. 10PPBCh. 10.7 - Prob. 10PPCCh. 10.7 - Prob. 10.7.1SRCh. 10.7 - Prob. 10.7.2SRCh. 10.7 - Prob. 10.7.3SRCh. 10.7 - Prob. 10.7.4SRCh. 10.8 - Prob. 10.11WECh. 10.8 - Prob. 11PPACh. 10.8 - The lattice energy of MgO is 3890 kJ/mol, and the...Ch. 10.8 - Prob. 11PPCCh. 10.8 - Prob. 10.8.1SRCh. 10.8 - Prob. 10.8.2SRCh. 10 - Define these terms: system, surroundings, thermal...Ch. 10 - What is heat? 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