Algebraic equations such as Bernoulli's relation, Bq. (1) of Example 1.3, are dimensionally consistent, but what about differential equations? Consider, for example, the boundary-layer x-momentum equation, first derived by Ludwig Prandtl in 1904:
where t is the boundary-layer shear stress and gx is the component of gravity in the x direction. Is this equation dimen-sionally consistent? Can you draw a general conclusion?
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Fluid Mechanics
- Algebraic equations such as Bernoulli's relation, are dimensionally consistent, but what about differential equations? Consider, for example, the boundary-layer x-momentum equation, first derived by Ludwig Prandtl in 1904: ди ди ap ат ри — + pu Әх + pg: + дх ày ду where T is the boundary-layer shear stress and g, is the com- ponent of gravity in the x direction. Is this equation dimen- sionally consistent? Can you draw a general conclusion?arrow_forward3. The stress tensor of a fluid in motion is given by -P T1 T2 -P 0 T = T1 T2 0 -P] where P, ti and t2 are known. (a) Find an expression to calculate the force exerted by the fluid on surfaces with surface area A that are perpendicular to the unit vectors (a.1) n = ei √2 √2 (a.2) n = ²е₁ + ¹²е₂ (b) What are the normal stresses acting on the two surfaces specified above?arrow_forwardIn mechanical fluidarrow_forward
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- As measured by NASA's Viking landers, the atmosphere of Mars, where g = 3.71 m/s2, is almost entirely carbon dioxide, and the surface pressure averages 700 Pa. The temperature is cold and drops off exponentially: T≈ TO e-Cz, where C 1.3 \times 10-5 m-1 and TO≈ 250 K. For example, at 20, 000 m altitude, T≈ 193 K. (a) Find an analytic formula for the variation of pressure with altitude. (b) Find the altitude where pressure on Mars has dropped to 1 Pascal.arrow_forwardIf a vertical wall at temperature T, is surrounded by a fluid at temperature T, a natural convection boundary layer flow will form. For laminar flow, the momentum equation is au ди. p(u-+ v) = PB(T – T)g + µ- ди ay to be solved, along with continuity and energy, for (u, v, T) with appropriate boundary conditions. The quantity B is the thermal expansion coefficient of the fluid. Use p, g, L, and (Tw- To) to nondimensionalize this equation. Note that there is no “stream" velocity in this type of flow.arrow_forwardA seA A, soA A solid cylinder of diameter d, length and density p, falls due to gravity inside a pipe of diameter D. The clearance between the solid cylinder and the pipe is filled with a Newtonian fluid of density p and u. For this clearance fluid, the terminal velocity of the cylinder is determined to be V, assuming a linear velocity profile. However, if the clearance fluid was changed to a Newtonian fluid of density 2p and viscosity 2u, then for an assumed linear velocity profile, the terminal velocity of the cylinder was determined to be V,. From the results of these experiments, one may write that (A) V = V (C) 2 V= V (B) V=2 V, (D) V= 4 Varrow_forward
- Fluid mechanics problemarrow_forwardd²u dy² pg where g is the acceleration due to gravity Harrow_forward(b) For each flow description: (i) Steady, compressible flow of air. (ii) Arbitrary flow (Lagrangian perspective). (iii) Unsteady, incompressible flow of viscous oil. (iv) Arbitrary flow (Eulerian perspective). choose from the list below the form of mass conservation you would use for that situation and explain your choice: 1. V · ū = 0 Dp 2. = -pV · ū Dt др 3. + V· (pū) = 0 4. V · (pū) = 0arrow_forward
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