You are studying a Drosophila protein called FROZN that you think is a vesicle snare that plays a role in exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine at the neuro-muscular junction. Because this protein has been isolated from neuromuscular junctions, you hypothesize that this snare is a Ca+2 sensor that mediates the final merging of vesicles with the membrane. To test this hypothesis you perform 2 experiments: 1. You make a mutant Drosophila that lacks FROZN and find that synaptic vesicle release at the neuromuscular junction is blocked. 2. You block Ca+2 entry into the presynaptic neuron terminal in a normal (wild type) fly and find that synaptic vesicle release is blocked. Do these experiments support your hypothesis that FROZN is a vesicle snare and is the Ca+2 sensor? Is there another possible explanation for the function of FROZN? Explain your answer.

Q: For a signal to be sent down an axon of a nerve cell, an action potential must be generated. This is…

A: signal to be sent down an axon of a nerve cell, an action potential must be generated.

Q: synaptobrevin

A: Synaptobrevin is a snare protein(synaptic protein) that is located on cell vesicles which mediates…

Q: Imagine that there is a mutation in the SRP receptor that disrupts its function. What is the logical…

A: Proteins that are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the Endoplasmic reticulam are known as Secretary…

Q: Separately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the…

A: Ion influxes at membrane potentials refer to the movement of ions across the cell membrane in…

Q: Cell signaling in plant and animal cells is similar in those ways and different in others. Offer one…

A: Also known as cell-to-cell signaling. Its function include managing the basic activities of the…

Q: A synaptic vesicle has a diameter of 40 nm. The concentration of a neurotransmitter inside this…

A: The nerve cells of the nervous system are called neurons, Inside these nerve cells there lies a…

Q: How does the presence of basic amino acids within the S4 helix allow for voltage gating in these…

A: Introduction Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They…

Q: Rous Sarcoma Virus can cause cancer in infected cells. The tumor causing nature of the virus is…

A: RTKs are responsible for the phosphorylation of protein at tyrosine residues. Some proteins get…

Q: 1. Which of the following could most quickly reverse calmodulin activity ? ADP A plasma membrane…

A: Calmodulin (CaM), also known as calcium-modulated protein, is a multipurpose intermediate…

Q: Separately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the…

A: Ligand-gated channels are integral membrane proteins that respond to the binding of specific…

Q: RAS is a signal transducer that acts as a switch for turning on cell division. Drag the descriptions…

A: Cells communicate with each other through specific chemical signaling pathways that are known as…

Q: rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration causes muscle cells to contract. In addition to an…

A: Cardiac glycosidic drug, Ouabain functions by impeding the sodiun-potassium ion pump which is…

Q: A fellow classmate is planning to study endocytosis at neuronal synapses for their senior thesis. He…

A: Endocytosis is described as a the process in which the cell membrane's flexibility helps them in…

Q: Batrachotoxin (BTX) is a steroidal alkaloid from the skin of Phyllobates terribilis , a poisonous…

A: The membrane exhibits different ion channels, which open and closed based on the signaling process.

Q: Jose measures membrane potential in two neighboring cells. He notices that when the membrane…

A: Membrane potential It refers to the difference in electric potential between the interior and the…

Q: mbing fiber depolarizes mbrane potential to en Ca2+ channels. tage-gated channel 2+ Ca²+ Release 2+…

A: The objective of the question is to identify the most direct mechanism causing the postsynaptic…

Q: Separately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the…

A: Ligand-gated channels are integral membrane proteins that respond to the binding of specific…

Q: The resting membrane potential in neurons is described as an electrochemical gradient. You have…

A: Resting membrane potential (RMP) is defined ss the potential inside the cell when the cell is in…

Q: enzyme (Tyr 15 of phorylated, the en- -ylation state of any lows replication. The role of Cdk…

A: The cell cycle is highly regulated by different regulatory proteins that includes the cdc2 and…

Q: An experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels…

A: Because alpha-1 adrenergic receptors are found in both vascular smooth muscle and cardiac tissue,…

Q: Two protein kinases, barley kinase and hops kinase, function sequentially in an intracellular…

A: The signaling pathway is a chemical or physical signals that is transmitted to a cell through series…

Q: Match each of the following statements that describe either: A, small molecule transmi a. Dense core…

A: Neurotransmitters are essential for inter-neuronal communication, and they fall into two main…

Q: A. Dr. Randy Schekman introduced you to a yeast model system for studying membrane fusion and…

A: "Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first two subparts for…

Q: EXTRACELLULAR INTRACELLULAR ION CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION (mM) (mM) K* 4 140 Na* 145 15 Cl 110 4…

A: Membrane potential is a difference between intracellular and extracellular electrochemical…

Q: nucleation site and moved into the axon. It was noted in the text that cytoplasmic dynein is…

A: INTRODUCTION          In a particular cells there are proteins, organelles, vesicles and other…

Q: a geneticist were to genetically modify a mouse strain that shows reduced calcium channel activity…

A: Whenever calcium channels are blocked in pre synaptic membrane, the synaptic vesicular fusion and…

Q: Which of the following mechanism will be activated if there is a shortage of cellular and…

A: Calcium ions play a very important role in muscle contraction, neurotransmission, formation of…

Q: Many common medications function by interrupting the normal operation of certain signal transduction…

A: Inside the cell, multiple signaling pathways run simultaneously that allow the cell to communicate…

Q: When nerve cells contact each other, they form adherens junctions (AJs) at the point of contact. The…

A: Nerve cells transmit signals from one to another. When they do this, adheren junctions are formed…

Q: Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are ion channels found on animal cells. Some TRP…

A: Answer. The TRP channel is a receptor response that normally presents in around 28 types which are…

Q: What would most likely occur to nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling if the intrinsic GTPase activity of…

A: The RAN-GTPase (guanine triphosphatase) molecule has a crucial role in distinct cellular functions…

Q: Match the following description of a cell signal with signa A. signals across gap junctions 3.…

A: Match the following description of cell with signal type 1.  Signal across gap junctions: Direct…

Q: Consider a typical mammalian neuron with all of the appropriate membrane channels. If you know that…

A: Equilibrium potential is defined as the electrical potential difference between the inner side and…

Q: Mutant tyrosine kinase signaling proteins are implicated in many types of human cancer. Hundreds of…

A: A drug is any chemical substance that causes an adjustment or change of a living being's physiology…

Q: Design an experiment (with rationale) to determine whether a subset of neural cells are held…

A: N-cadherin is a significant grip atom engaged with the turn of events and pliancy of the sensory…

Q: Separately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the…

A: Ion influxes at membrane potentials refer to the movement of ions across the cell membrane in…

Q: Separately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the…

A: Membrane potential is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of…

Q: What_t_-SNARE protein changes from a _trans_ to a _cis_ state to facilitate the transformation of a…

A: The process of neurotransmitter release from a neuron involves the fusion of a vesicle containing…

Muscle Action

A change in the body or a bodily organ as a result of its functioning is referred to as an action. Muscle action can be defined as the specific movement of a bodily part generated by the contraction of a muscle. The muscle proteins actin and myosin are the important contractile proteins involved in muscle action. Muscle contraction, in addition to movement, serves several other important functions in the body, including posture, heat generation, and joint stability. Muscle contraction maintains posture, which includes standing and sitting.