X ↓ O 650 O 550 O 500 200 O 850 Smal ✓ O 1550 300 Msel 350 Probe Smal ↓ Caption: Restriction enzyme sites are indicated by the arrows. Smal binds to CCCGGG sequences. Msel binds to TTAA sequences. Enzyme 'X' refers to an unnamed restriction endonuclease that is not affected by DNA methylation. The distance between enzyme sites is indicated as number of bases. Assume only CpG methylation occurs. A human genomic segment (depicted above) was subjected to various experimental conditions (enzyme stion, DNA methylation) AS INDICATED BELOW. 200 If the DNA was not methylated and digested with enzymes X, and Smal, what is the largest DNA fragment size that would show up on a Southern blot using the radiolabeled probe? Smal ↓ 500 X ↓
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
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