When the DNA sequence of the gene that codes for the peptide hormone insulin is compared in two mammals (e.g., humans and rats), most of the sequence differences are synonymous mutations. These far outnumber sequence differences that result in amino acid substitutions. Why might this be? A DNA sequence is more likely to mutate if the change does not alter the amino acid sequence. Most amino acid substitutions result in a beneficial phenotype that improves fitness and results in a greater number of offspring. Synonymous mutations occur in noncoding DNA sequences. mutations are random with respect to an organisms needs. Amino acid substitutions often result in proteins that have lost or compromised function and, therefore, are selected against.

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Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.