When comparing evolutionary similarities between different genes within a gene family, it is usually more straightforward to compare genes by using the protein sequences of gene products rather than DNA sequences of the genes themselves. Explain why this is the case. (Write 5 points)
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- When comparing evolutionary similarities between different genes within a gene family, it is usually more straightforward to compare genes by using the protein sequences of gene products rather than DNA sequences of the genes themselves. Explain why this is the case. (Include 4 succinct points at least)When comparing evolutionary similarities between different genes within a gene family, it is usually more straightforward to compare genes by using the protein sequences of gene products rather than DNA sequences of the genes themselves. Explain why this is the case. (Cover 4 points)When comparing evolutionary similarities between different genes within a gene family, it is usually more straightforward to compare genes by using the protein sequences of gene products rather than DNA sequences of the genes themselves. Explain why this is the case. (At least make 4 points).
- A researcher examines genes for several proteins that are quite similar in both structure and function. He is interested in determining whether the genes form a multigene family and in working out which of the proteins arose first evolutionarily. What would be the BEST approach to take to address this question? Be careful to look for the best approach; some other approaches could also provide useful information while being less definitive. A. The researcher should sequence the genes and compare their sequences. The most similar genes are likely the most closely related, while those that have more base differences probably diverged earlier. B. The researcher should examine the functions of the proteins. Those with the most similar functions are the most closely related. C. The researcher should induce mutations in the genes to see how these affect the function. The most mutations needed to cause changes in the function of the protein, the older the gene. D. The researcher should…A researcher examines genes for several proteins that are quite similar in both structure and function. He is interested in determining whether the genes form a multigene family and in working out which of the proteins arose first evolutionarily. What would be the BEST approach to take to address this question? Be careful to look for the best approach; some other approaches could also provide useful information while being less definitive. A. The researcher should sequence the genes and compare their sequences. The most similar genes are likely the most closely related, while those that have more base differences probably diverged earlier. B. The researcher should examine the functions of the proteins. Those with the most similar functions are the most closely related. C. The researcher should induce mutations in the genes to see how these affect the function. The most mutations needed to cause changes in the function of the protein, the older the gene. D. The…a) Explain the difference between a genome and a transcriptome. Do all cells in an organism have the same genomes and or transcriptomes? b) Explain a method you could use to compare transcriptomes, and what you can learn from comparing transcriptomes.
- You have four sequences from A-D representing four species: A: AAATTGATTAC B: TAATTGGTTAC C: AAATTGGTTGA D: AAATTGATTGA A is your outgroup. Take a piece of paper and illustrate the three possible trees that are different from each other. 1) Answer the question of why there are only three trees. Aren't there more trees possible? 2) Mark the changes in nucleotides that happen among the four species on the trees or write them down separately. Then calculate the shortest possible tree. This is the most parsimonious option. Which one is it? 3) Why does this tree not necessarily depict the true relationship among the four species? Illustrate and answer all questions on paper. Then take a picture of the paper with your cell phone. Make sure everything is in focus, i.e., go over the picture and take it again, if necessary. All your answers and the trees need to be clearly visible.Describe two things that you can learn by searching a computerized database for sequences that have similarities to a newly sequenced gene.Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion If you want to identify genes linked to autism in a mouse model, which genetic approach or approaches could you use? (Mark all that apply) A) Reverse Genetics B) Forward Genetics C) Optogenetics D) Population Genetics
- (a) Explain how comparing the sequence of bases of genes and the sequenoe of amino acids of diferent proteins helps to determine evolutonary relationships between species (3 marks)Here is some information about the sequences: There are two images given; one with sequences and the other with a figure. All these sequences, “SEQUENCE_21” to “SEQUENCE_27” are in the same subfamily or “clade” of a large phylogenetic alignment of all Rab proteins in these three species (see “Image with a figure” for a full view of gene family in humans, plants and yeast, see the “D” branch towards the bottom of the tree in Figure). “SEQUENCE_28” is a different Rab protein (actually it is the Rab39 protein at the bottom of the tree). “SEQUENCE_21” is from yeast. “SEQUENCE_22” to “SEQUENCE_25” are from the plant, Arabidopsis. “SEQUENCE_26” and “SEQUENCE_27” are from humans. Question: Based on the information above, what can you speculate about the possible evolution of the genes that “SEQUENCE_21” to “SEQUENCE_27” represent?Model organisms are those widely used by researchers who wish to understand basic processes that are common to many species. Bacteria such as Escherichia coli are model organisms for modern geneticists. Give three reasons why bacteria would be useful in genetic experiments.