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What is the experimental evidence that demonstrates direct evidence that chemical carcinogens are able to produce oncogenes?
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- What are the roles of cellular proto-oncogenes, and how are these roles consistent with their implication in oncogenesis?Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed. Select the two mechanisms. Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed.Select the two mechanisms. 1) alterations in chromatin structure 2) a gain-of-function alteration 3)modification of proto-oncogenes products 4)mutations that result in an abnormal protein product 5)mutations within gene-regulatory regionsGenetic tests that detect mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 oncogenes are widely available. These tests reveal a number of mutations in these genes—mutations that have been linked to familial breast cancer. Assume that a young woman in a suspected breast cancer family takes the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic tests and receives negative results. That is, she does not test positive for the mutant alleles of BRCA1 or BRCA2. Can she consider herself free of risk for breast cancer?
- What evidence implicates mutagenic chemicals from the outside the body in carcinogenesis, and how can one guage their contribution relative to endogenous mutagens?In 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services added alcoholic beverages to its list of known human carcinogens. Explain what types of cancer alcohol is related to; what steps should be taken to reduce the risk of developing alcohol-induced cancer; and what other factors, when combined with alcohol, increase the risk of developing cancer.What are the Human Health Effects of each(Tetramethrin and Lambda-Cyhalothrin) ? Most likely routes of exposure? What are some of the symptoms associated with exposure to each drug? What carcinogen Groups are each categorized as? What do each of these Groups mean?
- 13) Use the image below of the X and Y sex chromosomes of a human to answer the following question. Which of the following statements is true? A) This person is a female with Haemophilia. B) This person is a male with Ocular Albinism. C) This person is a female with Ocular Albinism. D) This person is a male with no sex linked genetic disorders. X Ocular albinism Duchenne muscular dystrophy Androgen insensitivity Severe combined immunodeficiency Haemophilia Colour blindness Y DOLD SRY Sex determination AZF Sperm developmentBriefly describe the effects of colchicine treatment on cells. What are the genetic implications of such effects?The C-myc gene is a proto-oncogene which is highly expressed in breast tissue and appears to cause proliferation of breast tissue and its elevated expression is associated with breast cancer. Based just on the ChIP data from the previous questions (also shown below), which of the three drugs (estrogen, tamoxifen and raloxifene) would you recommend for treating breast cancer? Justify your response and explain the potential side effects of each drug.
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin has codominant inheritance. M genes express normal levels. S and Z genes have low expression. Which of the following is most likely to develop emphyema? A person with: 1) two M genes who does smoke 2) two S genes who does smoke 3) one M and one S gene who does not smoke 4) one M gene and one S gene who does smoke 5) two M genes who does not smoke 6) two S genes who does not smokeDiscuss the process of chemical carcinogenesis using a specific example?Question 15: Consider the consequence if one of the mutations you tested for complementation was a dominant mutation. You should see that complementation tests could not be used to provide information about dominant mutations. a) If a mutation were dominant how would your interpretation of the phenotype of the diploid be altered? No change would occur v b) How would you test whether any of these trp mutations were dominant? There is no way to test fc V