What is the difference between a peptide and a protein? 2. What type of bond is the peptide bond? Explain why the peptide bond is rigid. 3. The pentapeptide Gln-Tyr-Asn-Ala-Asp is present in human cerebrospinal fluid, and its concentration increases in demyelinating diseases. In these diseases, the myelin sheath of nerves is damaged and impairs the conduction of nerve signals. a. What is the N-terminal amino acid? b. What is the C-terminal amino acid? c. How many peptide bonds does this pentapeptide contain? From how many amino acids is this pentapeptide derived? d. Write the structure, the three-letter designation and the IUPAC name of this pentapeptide.

What is the difference between a peptide and a protein? 2. What type of bond is the peptide bond? Explain why the peptide bond is rigid. 3. The pentapeptide Gln-Tyr-Asn-Ala-Asp is present in human cerebrospinal fluid, and its concentration increases in demyelinating diseases. In these diseases, the myelin sheath of nerves is damaged and impairs the conduction of nerve signals. a. What is the N-terminal amino acid? b. What is the C-terminal amino acid? c. How many peptide bonds does this pentapeptide contain? From how many amino acids is this pentapeptide derived? d. Write the structure, the three-letter designation and the IUPAC name of this pentapeptide.

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter3: Biological Molecules: The Carbon Compounds Of Life

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 8TYK: The first and major effect in denaturation of proteins is that: a. peptide bonds break. b. helices...

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Concept explainers

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.

Question

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What is the difference between a peptide and a protein?

2. What type of bond is the peptide bond? Explain why the peptide bond is rigid.

3. The pentapeptide Gln-Tyr-Asn-Ala-Asp is present in human cerebrospinal fluid, and its

concentration increases in demyelinating diseases. In these diseases, the myelin sheath of

nerves is damaged and impairs the conduction of nerve signals.

a. What is the N-terminal amino acid?

b. What is the C-terminal amino acid?

c. How many peptide bonds does this pentapeptide contain? From how many amino acids

is this pentapeptide derived?

d. Write the structure, the three-letter designation and the IUPAC name of this

pentapeptide.

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4. a. Give the full names of the amino acids in this peptide. НзN — CH—С-N—CH— С-N—CH—С—О ČH3 H ČH,OH H. CH2 -ОН b. Calculate the isoelectric point (pl) of a peptide with sequence SNARE. Show your work in a table, giving the pKa values of the ionizable groups, pH, and charges. Step marks are counted. Don't need to write “protonated" or “deprotonated".
6. b. Draw a box around the disulfide bridge in oxytocin, if present, or write "none". 7. Mark each peptide bond in oxytocin by making the corresponding line in the structure thicker or marking it with a different color. The first one is shown for you as an example (in dark orange). 8. Number the central carbon of each amino acid in oxytocin by pointing a small arrow to it or by circling the corresponding vertex in the image. Numbers 1 and 2 indicate the central carbons of the first and second amino acids of oxytocin, and are shown for you as an example. 9. Fill out the following table, listing amino acids that make up oxytocin in order, from the N terminus to the C terminus, characterizing each amino acid by the properties of its R group (side chains), and briefly indicating the reasoning for the characterization. You may consult amino acid groupings by category in the slides (or the textbook, p.49), but you must explain the reasoning for each in your own words. CO 1 AA# Abbre- Full…
7. A peptide has the sequence Cys-His-Glu-Met-lle-Ser-Thr a. Write out the single letter sequence of this peptide. b. What is the overall charge of the peptide? Is it acidic? Basic? c. Draw the chemical structure of the peptide at pH 7.0 and show any charged groups d. What is the classification of each amino acid in this peptide regarding polarity and charge? 8. The following proteins represent a wide range of molecular weights and isoelectricpoints. Mr is the molecular weight of a single protein chain. • Protein 1: Mr 68,544; pl 6.11 (monomer) • Protein 2: Mr 29,041; pl 5.32 (dimer) Protein 3: Mr 15,805; pl 5.7 (dimer) • Protein 4: Mr 12,165; pl 4.74 a. Which protein is the most acidic? Explain your answer. b. Which protein will migrate the slowest in an SDS-PAGE? Explain your answer. c. In what order will these proteins elute from a cation exchanger at phH 8? Explain your answer. d. In what order will these proteins salt out from a pH 7 solution by the dropwise addition of saturated…
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5. Refer to Model 2 for information relevant to this question. A sample of the peptide Lys-Glu-Ser has a net charge of zero between what two pH values? What is the pl of Lys-Glu-Ser? Model 2: The pl of a peptide is determined by examining the ionizable groups. The protonated and unprotonated forms of each ionizable group are in equilibrium. Consider the peptide Lys-Glu-Ser shown below at pH 7.2. The complete structure is on on the left and a stylized structure with just the ionizable groups is on the right. While the N-terminal is depicted as protonated, a sample of Lys-Glu-Ser is composed of a population of molecules and within that population some molecules contain a non-protonated N-terminal group at pH 7.2. may H3N* COO- H3N-CH-CIN-CH C N-CH C- H. pK 3.5 OH H. pK= 8.5 COO- CH2 CH2 CH2 NH, pK 10.0 pK 4.2 CH2 CH2 OH CH2 c=0
5. The amino acid sequences of three peptide fragments are shown below. Peptide 1: QAMGRAGDLKYLGLHSV Peptide 2: ALMALFMVMALVLVSVLFIA Peptide 3: MVEDLLKQIARYLISE (a) Circle all of the charged residues in peptide 1 (assume pH = 7.0). Box all of the aromatic residues in peptide 2. Underline all of the nonpolar residues in peptide 3. (b) Determine the net charge of the predominant form of each of the peptides at pH 4.5 and pH 11.5. Assume the ionizable groups have the pKa values listed in Table 2.1 of your text. (c) Which of these peptides would be most likely to be found as an a helix in a soluble (cytoplasmic) protein? Which would be most likely to be found as an a helix in a transmembrane protein? Which would be least likely to form an a helix of any kind? Briefly explain your answers.
2. Consider the peptide Trp-Arg-Glu-Cys-Gly-Tyr. For the drawings requested below, please show in zig-zag style, from amino to carboxy terminus, with correct stereochemistry a. Draw the predominant form at pH = 2 b. Draw the predominant form at pH = 5 c. Draw the predominant form at pH = 7 d. Draw the predominant form at pH = 12
4. Exhibit 4A The following question(s) refer to this peptide: Cys-Ala-Gly-Arg-Gln-Met Refer to Exhibit 4A. The overall, net ionic charge on this peptide at pH = 7 would be: A. +2 B. +1 C. 0 D. -1 E. -2
3
17. Melittin is a 26-amino acid polypeptide found in bee venom. In its monomeric form, melittin is thought to insert into lipid-rich membrane structures. Explain how the amino acid sequence of melittin accounts for this property. 1 Gly-le-Gly-Ala-Val-Leu-Lys-Val-Leu-Thr-Thr-Gly-Leu-Pro 25 NH GIn-Gln-Arg-Lys-Arg-Lys-le-Trp-Ser-le-Leu-Ala
9
3. Amino Acid Sequence and Protein Structure Our growing understanding of how proteins fold allows researchers to make predictions about protein structure based on primary amino acid sequence data. Consider the following amino acid sequence. 1 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ile - Ala - His - Thr - Tyr - Gly - Pro - Phe-Glu – Ala- - 11 12 13 14 15 17 20 Ala - Mat - Cys- Lys - Trp - Glu-Ala-Gln-Pro - Asp- 16 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Gly - Met-Glu - Cys - Ala - Phe - His - Arg (a) Where might bends or ß turns occur? (b) Where might intrachain disulfide cross-linkages be formed? (c) Assuming that this sequence is part of a larger globular protein, indicate the probable location (external surface or interior of the protein) of the following amino acid residues: Asp, lle, Thr, Ala, Gln, Lys. Explain your reasoning.