TThe oxidation of malate by NAD to form oxaloacetate is a highly endergonic reaction under standard conditions.AG° = +29 kJ mol¯¹ (+7 kcal mol¯¹)Malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+The reaction proceeds readily under physiological conditions.Why does the reaction proceed readily as written under physiological conditions?Endergonic reactions such as this occur spontaneously without the input of free energy.The steady-state concentrations of the products are low compared with those of the substrates.The reaction is pushed forward by the energetically favorable oxidation of fumarate to malate.O The NADH produced during glycolysis drives the reaction in the direction of malate oxidation.Assuming an [NAD* ]/[NADH] ratio of 8, a temperature of 25°C, and a pH of 7, what is the lowest [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratioat which oxaloacetate can be formed from malate?[malate][oxaloacetate]=

Standards free energy change calculated at biochemical standards is called biochemical standard free…

Answered: The oxidation of malate by NAD to form…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Write out the full redox reaction that happens when both of these reactions are added to the same reaction where there is 1M concentrations of each reactant and products, pH7, and temeprature is 290K. Identify which compounds will be reduced and which compounds will be oxidized. redox reaction 1: Pyruvate¯ + 2H+ + 2e¯ → lactate¯ E'o(V) = -0.185 redox reaction 2: NAD+ + H+ + 2e¯ → NADH E'o(V) = -0.320
Under standard conditions, will the following reactions proceed spontaneously as written? (1) Fumarate + NADH + H+ (2) succinate + NAD+ Cyto a (Fe²+) + cyto b (Fe³+) = cyto a (Fe³+) + cyto 6 (Fe²+) b
All dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle use NAD* (E° for NAD*/NADH is -0.32V) as electron acceptor except succinate dehydrogenase (which uses FAD (E° for FAD/FADH2 is 0.05V). Based on AG° = -NFEº, show and state (1-2 sentences) why is FAD a more appropriate electron acceptor than NAD* in the dehydrogenation of succinate (consider the E° values of %3D Uptake in Na+ Vmax Uptake in absence of Na+ Vmax substrate K: (mM) Kt (mM) L-leucine 420 0.24 23 0.2 D-Leucine 310 4.7 5 4.7 L-valine 225 0.31 19 0.31 fumarate/succinate (E° = 0.031), NAD*/NADH, and the succinate dehydrogenase FAD/FADH2).
This is a picture of the catalysis of alcohol by ADH with an inhibitor binding as an aldehyde analog. I have two questions. First, what would the enzyme be classified as and why? Also, what would the steps of this mechanism be?
In 1937, two German biochemists published a paper proposing these reactions as part of glucose oxidation: citrate → isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate →succinate → fumarate → malate → oxaloacetate. Adding succinate, fumarate, or malate to thin slices of tissue increased oxygen consumption, supporting the hypothesis that these molecules are intermediates in the process. However, they were puzzled by the observation that these intermediates were still present in the reaction mixture at the end of the experiment. They had thought that intermediates would be consumed as they were converted to the next molecule in the pathway. What explains the observation that these intermediates were still present? a) The pathway is a cycle, constantly regenerating intermediates as glucose is broken down. b) Succinate, fumarate, and malate are not reactants but catalysts, and catalysts are not consumed in the process. c) Succinate, fumarate, and malate increase metabolism and therefore oxygen consumption,…
Write a balanced equation for the complete metabolic oxidation of each of the following. Include O, ADP, and P; as reactants and ATP, CO, and H;0 as products. (a) Stearic acid (b) Oleic acid (c) Palmitic acid (d) Linoleic acid
The standard Gibbs (free) energy of reaction (A,Gº') of the following reaction is equal to zero (at 25 °C and pH 7) pyruvate + aspartate Pyruvate, aspartate and L-alanine are mixed each at a concentration of 1 mM, without oxaloacetate. Calculate the molar concentrations of each compound when the reaction reaches equilibrium. oxaloacétate + L-alanine
Given the tri-acylglyceride (TAG) below as source of energy when administered from an organism's diet, H,C-O HC-0 H,C-o [A] Show the calculated maximum amount of ATP that could be generated by the full oxidation of the compound. Illustrate where the ATPS are derived from (show the reactions and enzymes involved). You can use general structure of the FFA in the reactions involved in the process. (B) Discuss the fate of the glycerol. (C] One of the FFAS derived from the TAG has the same carbon number as glucose. Compare the maximum yield of ATP derivable from this FFA as compared to the ATP yield from glucose.
Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction from the citric acid cycle. Given the listed concentrations, calculate the free energy change for this reaction at energy change for this reaction at 37.0 °C (310 K). AG' for the reaction is +29.7 kJ/mol. Assume that the reaction occurs at pH 7. [malate] 1.25 mM [oxaloacetate] = 0.290 mM [NAD+] = 430 mM [NADH] : = 170 mM AG : kJ-mol-1 * TOOLS x10
If palmitic acid is subjected to complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter, one can calculate a standard free energy of combustion of 9788 kJ/mol. From the ATP yield of palmitate oxidation, what is the metabolic efficiency of the biological oxidation, in terms of kilojoules saved as ATP per kilojoule released? (Ignore the cost of fatty acid activation.)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) is converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) as shown. GAP + P + NAD+ 1,3-BPG + NADH Is this reaction spontaneous? How do you know? AG = 6.7 kJ mol-¹ The reaction shown above is coupled to the following reaction in which 1,3-BPG is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG): GAP + P + NAD+ + ADP3-PG + NADH + ATP AG = -18.8 kJ mol-¹ 1,3-BPG+ADP3-PG+ATP Write the equation for the overall conversion of GAP to 3PG. Is the coupled reaction favorable? How do you know?

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