The contraction of cardiac muscle cells results from the increase in Ca?+ levels in the cytosol. For these cells to relax, an antiport removes Ca?+ from the cytosol for every Na* that is taken in. Digitalis is a drug that is used to make the heart contract more strongly. This drug partially inhibits the Na*-K* ATPase in the cardiac cells. Applying the concepts from membrane transport, answer the following: a. Propose an explanation for the drug's effect. b. What will likely happen if too much of the drug is taken in? Why do you say so?

Q: The figure at right illustrates the relationship between body fluid osmotic concentration and…

A: Osmoregulation is a process that controls the electrolytic balance in living things as well as the…

Q: Contractile force generated by cardiac myocytes is regulated by input from the autonomic nervous…

A: Heart is a conical muscular organ that contracts and pumps blood into the circulation. To function…

Q: How much time would it take ATP to diffuse the following distances? (Use the equation for mean…

A: The diffusion coefficient D for ATP (at 25 o C) =3.54 cm2/s. The mean square displacement equation…

Q: giapis Below Show 02-binding curves of several proteins including myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin…

A: The graphs below show O2-binding curves of several proteins including myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin…

Q: Explain why 02 can pass through the plasma membrande but ions must use transmembrane proteins

A: Oxygen & carbon dioxide get across cell layers by means of simple diffusion, a cycle that needs…

Q: If the concentration of a solute is the same both inside and outside the cell, what might you expect…

A: Note: Please note that keeping with the site regulations and in order to provide detailed and…

Q: If you made a hematocrit in two tubes. Tube A is made of 0.60M NaCl, and Tube B is made of 1.00M of…

A: Introduction Hematocrit is a measure of the size and amount of red blood cells in an individual. Red…

Q: Describe the difference between carrier proteins and channel proteins. What is required for the…

A: * The channel proteins are proteins that have ability to form hydrophilic pores in cell membranes…

Q: Uniporters and ion channels support facilitated transport across cellular membranes. Although both…

A: Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. A…

Q: In which way are voltage-gated ion channels and active transporters similar?  a   they are…

A: The molecules and ions can travel through the membranes. The membranes include the cell membrane,…

Q: In this scenario, potassium is in the lumen of the nephron (blue) and will need to cross epithelia…

A: Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys. A nephron consists of tubules and associated…

Q: Some antibiotics act as carriers that bind an ion on one side of a membrane, diffuse through the…

A: The fluidity of lipid bilayer membranes increase with an increase in temperature. So, a decrease in…

Q: There are several membrane-bound organelles in cells (e.g. nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic…

A: Ion channels are the imtegral membrane proteins that span the  whole length of the plasma membrane.…

Q: Which of the following does NOT generally lead to a phosphate cascade?   A. active transport pumps…

A: In our body, several types of cellular process occurs, which involves the cellular signalling…

Q: In the situations described below, what is the free energy change if 1 mole of Na* is transported…

A: The standard free energy change (∆G°) of a chemical reaction is the amount of energy released in the…

Q: What happens when the Na+-K+ pump is phosphorylated? When K+ binds to the pump protein?

A: Introduction: The process of active transport occurs against the concentration gradient and is…

Q: 5 The Na+/K+ transporter displays the following properties A) it functions as an antiport,…

A: The cell membrane is a structure which protects the cell and acts as a barrier and transports the…

Q: Transport of biomolecules to tissues takes place through capillary walls by both convection and…

A: The process of heat transfer via bulk movement of molecules inside fluids is known as convection.…

Q: s a Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporte

A: The nicotinic acetylcholine, glycine, and 5-HT3 receptors are all members of the GABAA receptor…

Q: What can you infer regarding the function of Aquaporin 3? b. How will the drug treat constipation?…

A: Aquaporins are intrinsic proteins that produce pores in biological cell membranes. These pores allow…

Q: The inner leaflet (monolayer) of the human erythrocyte membrane consists predominantly of…

A: Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are cells involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in…

Q: Glucose can be transported into cells with a glucose/sodium symporter. If the extracellular…

A: Glucose is the major nutrient in the animals obtained after the digestion of carbohydrates. The…

Q: The membrane of most cells, including neurons, contains passive, open, K' leak channels. Given the…

A: The cell membrane is the biological membrane that separates the interior of the cell from the…

Q: There is onlu one answer that correct    A cell is at rest at -70 mV, and chloride channels open.…

A: Chloride ions have a negative charge, so their influx would cause the inside of the cell to become…

Q: Here is a chloride cell in the gill epithelium of a fish. For reference, NKA = Na+/K+ ATPaseNKCC =…

A: CFTR is a complex protein found on the membrane surface of the cells.

Q: Interpret the effect of hyperkalemia with reference to Goldman’s equation. a) What happens to rate…

A: Introduction  Hyperkalemia refers to a condition in which there is an elevated level of potassium…

Q: ABC transporters are:   a. An example of active transport with activity in multi-drug resistance.…

A: ABC transporters are a transport system that is one of the largest and possibly one of the oldest…

Q: The tetanus toxin tetanospasmin blocks release of the neurotransmitter (GABA) that inhibits motor…

A: Muscle contraction is initiated when the neurotransmitter is released from the motor neuron, which…

Q: You are a world-famous muscle physiologist studying the control of smooth muscle in arterioles found…

A: An arteriole is a small branch of an artery that leads into the capillaries. It helps in the…

Q: Which of the following statements is correct? A. A transmembrane integral protein is required…

A: The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and serves to separate…

Q: Neurons are especially vulnerable to defects in transport due to the extreme length of the neuronal…

A: Neurons: it is helpful in receiving and sending the signals to the brain. It is the fundamental part…

Q: Determine Km, Vmax, and kcat (in 1/s) for VF-6-2 efflux out of vesicles made from DV membranes with…

A: Hi! Thanks for your question. As you have not provided the total concentration of enzyme, it is not…

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.