Rosiglitazone is the active ingredient in the controversial type 2 diabetes medicine Avandia and has beenlinked to an increased risk of serious cardiovascular problems such as stroke, heart failure, and death. Acommon alternative treatment is Pioglitazone, the active ingredient in a diabetes medicine called Actos. Ina nationwide retrospective observational study of 227,571 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older, itwas found that 2,593 of the 67,593 patients using Rosiglitazone and 5,386 of the 159,978 using Pioglitazonehad serious cardiovascular problems. These data are summarized in the contingency table below.YesNoTotalRosiglitazone 2,59365,00067,5935,386 154,592 159,9787,979 219,592 227,571PioglitazoneTotala) What proportion of patients using Rosiglitazone had cardiovascular problems?b) What proportion of patients using Pioglitazone had cardiovascular problems?c) What is the point estimate for the difference of proportions of serious cardiovascular problems betweenpatients using Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone?· (Take your answer from part A and subtractyour answer from part B.)We can investigate the relationship between outcome and treatment in this study using a randomizationtechnique. While in reality we would carry out the simulations required for randomization using statisticalsoftware, suppose we actually simulate using index cards. In order to simulate from the null hypothesis,which states that the outcomes were independent of the treatment, we write whether or not each patienthad a cardiovascular problem on cards, shuffled all the cards together, then deal them into two groups ofsize 67,593 and 159,978. We repeat this simulation 10,000 times and each time record the proportion ofpeople in the Rosiglitazone group who had cardiovascular problems. Below is a histogram of theseproportions.Point estimate-0.006 -0.004 -0.0020.0000.0020.0040.006d) What are the claims being tested?Ho:Select an answerHA:Select an answere) Based on the simulations, what is the p-value?O less than .01 (strong evidence of a difference)O between .01 and .05 (moderate evidence of of a difference)O between .05 and .10 (little evidence of a difference)O more than .10 (no evidence of a difference)f) What do the simulation results suggest about the difference in proportions between taking Rosiglitazoneand Pioglitazone?O Patients in the Pioglitazone group were more likely to have serious cardiovascular problems.O Any differences in the problem rates of Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone patients in our sample waslikely just random chance.O Patients in the Rosiglitazone group were more likely to have serious cardiovascular problems.Frequency0 50000s

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Rosiglitazone is the active ingredient in the controversial type 2 diabetes medicine Avandia and has been inked to an increased risk of serious cardiovascular problems such as stroke, heart failure, and death. A common alternative treatment is Pioglitazone, the active ingredient in a diabetes medicine called Actos. In a nationwide retrospective observational study of 227,571 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older, it was found that 2,593 of the 67,593 patients using Rosiglitazone and 5,386 of the 159,978 using Pioglitazone had serious cardiovascular problems. These data are summarized in the contingency table below. Yes No Total Rosiglitazone 2,593 65,000 67,593 5,386 154,592 159,978 7,979 219,592 227,571 Pioglitazone Total a) What proportion of patients using Rosiglitazone had cardiovascular problems? b) What proportion of patients using Pioglitazone had cardiovascular problems? =) What is the point estimate for the difference of proportions of serious cardiovascular problems between patients using Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone? (Take your answer from part A and subtract your answer from part B.)

Rosiglitazone is the active ingredient in the controversial type 2 diabetes medicine Avandia and has been inked to an increased risk of serious cardiovascular problems such as stroke, heart failure, and death. A common alternative treatment is Pioglitazone, the active ingredient in a diabetes medicine called Actos. In a nationwide retrospective observational study of 227,571 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older, it was found that 2,593 of the 67,593 patients using Rosiglitazone and 5,386 of the 159,978 using Pioglitazone had serious cardiovascular problems. These data are summarized in the contingency table below. Yes No Total Rosiglitazone 2,593 65,000 67,593 5,386 154,592 159,978 7,979 219,592 227,571 Pioglitazone Total a) What proportion of patients using Rosiglitazone had cardiovascular problems? b) What proportion of patients using Pioglitazone had cardiovascular problems? =) What is the point estimate for the difference of proportions of serious cardiovascular problems between patients using Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone? (Take your answer from part A and subtract your answer from part B.)

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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