Results 1: A total of 30.87 Gb of paired reads that were 125 bp long were obtained using RNA‐Seq. After collecting the data, the numbers of clean bases of Dog 1 and 2 were 5.33, and 6.24 Gb in the Wolf_1, 2, and 3 were 6.40, 6.28, and 6. After assembly, a total of 33 229 transcripts were produced. the R2 between two dogs was 0.94 and ranged from 0.85 to 0.90 (P‐value < 0.01) among the three wolves. Using the deseq2 package, we detected 524 DEGs in the dog and wolf, including 35 novel genes. Of these, 180 genes, including 12 novel genes, were expressed higher in dogs compared to wolves. They also detected 493 DEGs by edger. Of these, 200 genes were up‐regulated and 293 genes were down‐regulated in the dogs compared to wolves. A total of 272 (51.9%) DEGs were annotated with 703 GO terms. The results showed that regulation of the immune system process (GO:0002682), with six genes, and the immune effector process (GO:0002252), with nine genes, were enriched only in the dog group. Innate immune response (GO:0045087), with six genes, and immune system development (GO:0002520), with 10 genes, were enriched only in the wolf group. At the same time, DNA repair (GO:0006281), with 11 genes, was expressed only in the dog group The results show the mapping of more than 85% matched the reference genome and the remaining were unmatched. Among those mapped reads, more than 60% of the reads were matched to a unique genomic location, and less than 30% of the reads were matched to multiple genomic locations. Results 2: Based on KEGG pathway analyses, reseachers found 88 genes enriched in 18 KEGG pathways in dogs, including genes involved in the cell cycle, DNA replication, oocyte meiosis and the p53 signaling pathway. In contrast, only 16 genes were enriched in two KEGG pathways in the wolf- the chlorophyll metabolism and Parkinson's disease. These results were similar to the RNA‐Seq findings. How do these results move this field of investigation forward?
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
Results 1: A total of 30.87 Gb of paired reads that were 125 bp long were obtained using RNA‐Seq. After collecting the data, the numbers of clean bases of Dog 1 and 2 were 5.33, and 6.24 Gb in the Wolf_1, 2, and 3 were 6.40, 6.28, and 6. After assembly, a total of 33 229 transcripts were produced. the R2 between two dogs was 0.94 and ranged from 0.85 to 0.90 (P‐value < 0.01) among the three wolves. Using the deseq2 package, we detected 524 DEGs in the dog and wolf, including 35 novel genes. Of these, 180 genes, including 12 novel genes, were expressed higher in dogs compared to wolves. They also detected 493 DEGs by edger. Of these, 200 genes were up‐regulated and 293 genes were down‐regulated in the dogs compared to wolves. A total of 272 (51.9%) DEGs were annotated with 703 GO terms. The results showed that regulation of the immune system process (GO:0002682), with six genes, and the immune effector process (GO:0002252), with nine genes, were enriched only in the dog group. Innate immune response (GO:0045087), with six genes, and immune system development (GO:0002520), with 10 genes, were enriched only in the wolf group. At the same time, DNA repair (GO:0006281), with 11 genes, was expressed only in the dog group The results show the mapping of more than 85% matched the reference genome and the remaining were unmatched. Among those mapped reads, more than 60% of the reads were matched to a unique genomic location, and less than 30% of the reads were matched to multiple genomic locations. Results 2: Based on KEGG pathway analyses, reseachers found 88 genes enriched in 18 KEGG pathways in dogs, including genes involved in the cell cycle,
How do these results move this field of investigation forward?
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