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Questions (a) Was it really necessary to keep the Navajo and Bletchley Park secret for 20+ years? What benefits were associated with keeping these secrets classified? (b) What benefits would releasing the information have had for the Navajo people and for the code breakers at Bletchley park? (c) Which were more important: the right of the state to classify the encryption secrets or the rights of the individuals to raise their status in society?

Questions (a) Was it really necessary to keep the Navajo and Bletchley Park secret for 20+ years? What benefits were associated with keeping these secrets classified? (b) What benefits would releasing the information have had for the Navajo people and for the code breakers at Bletchley park? (c) Which were more important: the right of the state to classify the encryption secrets or the rights of the individuals to raise their status in society?

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the American military. Their efforts won Iwo Jiwa (a key battle in the Pacific) and were instrumental in winning the last half of the war. The Navajo code is one of the few that weren't broken in the war. The head of Japanese intelligence later admitted that they had broken all of the other American codes, but they had no idea how to break the Navajo code. Like the cryptanalysts at Bletchley Park, the Navajo's role in the war was classified. It took until 1968 for the American government to declassify it. Questions (a) Was it really necessary to keep the Navajo and Bletchley Park secret for 20+ years? What benefits were associated with keeping these secrets classified? (b) What benefits would releasing the information have had for the Navajo people and for the code breakers at Bletchley park? (c) Which were more important: the right of the state to classify the encryption secrets or the rights of the individuals to raise their status in society?
Transcribed Image Text:the American military. Their efforts won Iwo Jiwa (a key battle in the Pacific) and were instrumental in winning the last half of the war. The Navajo code is one of the few that weren't broken in the war. The head of Japanese intelligence later admitted that they had broken all of the other American codes, but they had no idea how to break the Navajo code. Like the cryptanalysts at Bletchley Park, the Navajo's role in the war was classified. It took until 1968 for the American government to declassify it. Questions (a) Was it really necessary to keep the Navajo and Bletchley Park secret for 20+ years? What benefits were associated with keeping these secrets classified? (b) What benefits would releasing the information have had for the Navajo people and for the code breakers at Bletchley park? (c) Which were more important: the right of the state to classify the encryption secrets or the rights of the individuals to raise their status in society?
Topic A. Unsung Heroes of WII Many traditional histories of WII contain only records of battles and generals. However, recent discoveries and declassification of information have meant that increased attention has been given to the code breakers and encoders who kept the allies' messages safe and broke the Japanese and German messages. A huge portion of fighting a war is knowing what the other side is planning while at the same time keeping your own army organized with encrypted messages. Thousands of encrypted messages were passed on each front of WWII on each day of the fighting. One of the reasons that the allies won the war is that British and Polish broke the German Enigma code, and that the Americans developed an unbreakable talker's code for use on the Pacific. The Germans had a machine called the Enigma, which they used to encrypt messages. Before the war started, the Polish intelligence (with help from French intelligence) developed a partial crack of the Enigma machine. This method was developed by Hans-Thilo Schmidt. After the war started, (through a move of great stupidity) Schmidt was put to work doing useless work for the war effort. His work was passed onto the British team at Bletchley Park. Alan Turing, one of the pioneers of programming, was part of this team. Alan Turing was already doing research into computing. A few of his papers are considered classics in the history of computer science and Turing is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest computer scientists to have ever lived. Using his own and Schmidt's research, Turing developed machines called 'bombes' to decrypt messages produced by Enigma. These decryptions won the Battle of the Atlantic and were very important in winning the war against the Germans. Sadly, after the war was over, Turing and all of the people at Bletchley Park (who had built the first computer) were not allowed to even admit that they had helped in the war effort. One code breaker remembers that people insulted him for not fighting on the front during the war and for being useless during the war - and he could do nothing to defend himself. Even their own families were unaware of what they had done to help. Most of the people at Bletchley Park died before their work was declassified. Alan Turing, himself, was persecuted for being a homosexual and was forced to take 'hormones' to cure him. He became very depressed and committed suicide. Also, during WWII, the Americans needed to develop a secure code that couldn't be cracked by the Japanese. A man who had been raised on a Navajo reservation, Philip Johnson, suggested that a Native American language be used as a code. Native American languages are radically different from all other language groups in the world and are often very complex. The Navajo were selected because very few foreign anthropologists had studied them. Altogether, 420 Navajo were recruited into
Transcribed Image Text:Topic A. Unsung Heroes of WII Many traditional histories of WII contain only records of battles and generals. However, recent discoveries and declassification of information have meant that increased attention has been given to the code breakers and encoders who kept the allies' messages safe and broke the Japanese and German messages. A huge portion of fighting a war is knowing what the other side is planning while at the same time keeping your own army organized with encrypted messages. Thousands of encrypted messages were passed on each front of WWII on each day of the fighting. One of the reasons that the allies won the war is that British and Polish broke the German Enigma code, and that the Americans developed an unbreakable talker's code for use on the Pacific. The Germans had a machine called the Enigma, which they used to encrypt messages. Before the war started, the Polish intelligence (with help from French intelligence) developed a partial crack of the Enigma machine. This method was developed by Hans-Thilo Schmidt. After the war started, (through a move of great stupidity) Schmidt was put to work doing useless work for the war effort. His work was passed onto the British team at Bletchley Park. Alan Turing, one of the pioneers of programming, was part of this team. Alan Turing was already doing research into computing. A few of his papers are considered classics in the history of computer science and Turing is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest computer scientists to have ever lived. Using his own and Schmidt's research, Turing developed machines called 'bombes' to decrypt messages produced by Enigma. These decryptions won the Battle of the Atlantic and were very important in winning the war against the Germans. Sadly, after the war was over, Turing and all of the people at Bletchley Park (who had built the first computer) were not allowed to even admit that they had helped in the war effort. One code breaker remembers that people insulted him for not fighting on the front during the war and for being useless during the war - and he could do nothing to defend himself. Even their own families were unaware of what they had done to help. Most of the people at Bletchley Park died before their work was declassified. Alan Turing, himself, was persecuted for being a homosexual and was forced to take 'hormones' to cure him. He became very depressed and committed suicide. Also, during WWII, the Americans needed to develop a secure code that couldn't be cracked by the Japanese. A man who had been raised on a Navajo reservation, Philip Johnson, suggested that a Native American language be used as a code. Native American languages are radically different from all other language groups in the world and are often very complex. The Navajo were selected because very few foreign anthropologists had studied them. Altogether, 420 Navajo were recruited into
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