Plants have alternate ways of getting respiratory substrates to the point of triose-phosphate of glycolysis.  After that, plants have alternative steps during the carbon oxidation phase of glycolysis that affect whether or not ATP is synthesized during glycolysis.  What are these various alternatives before and after triose-phosphate?  Why are they used?  How do they affect the ATP use and yield from glycolysis?

Q: Regarding the initial breakdown of glucose, and net production and consumption of each metabolite,…

A: Glycolysis is the underlying phase of cellular respiration, happening in the cytoplasm of cells,…

Q: The term "glucose" refers to hexoses and their sources in general.  As much as one third of the…

A: Pentose phosphate pathway or HMP shunt is a alternative pathway to glycolysis and TCA cycle for…

Q: ATP levels are high in the liver, NADPH levels are low, but fat biosynthesis needs to happen. What…

A: The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) branches from glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), produces NADPH and…

Q: What is a justification for a hypothesis stating that copper ion is the necessary cofactor in the…

A: There are various lines of observational data that may be used to support the claim that the copper…

Q: Oxidative phosphorylation is a two-stage process where ATP synthase couples the electron transport…

A: In eukaryotes including almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation that takes…

Q: The table below lists factors that regulate metabolite flow through the pyruvate dehydro- genase…

A: There are a wide variety of metabolic pathways that can take place within a cell. Hence , one…

Q: The researchers did not study the effects of NADH, ADP and ATP on the enzyme. Given what you know of…

A: These are two different questions. According to Policy multiple questions can not be answer at a…

Q: Arsenate (HaSO42) can replace inorganic phosphate (pi) in the reaction catalyzed by a…

A: Glycolysis is divided into preparatory and payoff phase.

Q: Why is it not to the cell's advantage to simply make more NAD so that the regeneration would not be…

A: NAD is an electron carrier. It carries electrons from substrate oxidation to the ETC to generate a…

Q: What is the function of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in gluconeogenesis?

A: Glycolysis means breakdown of glucose while gluconeogenesis is formation of glucose. Gluconeogenesis…

Q: Explain how the mechanism of ATP generation in the chloroplast similar to that in the mitochondria?…

A: Introduction Plants and other organisms use photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical…

Q: Which of the following best describes the number of NAD+ that get reduced in the matrix reactions:…

A: Note: According to the guidelines, we are supposed to answer only 1 question. Please repost other…

Q: For many years, the total number of molecules of ATP produced for each molecule of glucose in…

A: The theoretical yield of ATP is 36 to 38 ATP per glucose. While the actual yield is, 30 to 32 ATP.…

Q: Draw velocity vs. [S] graphs showing the inhibition of PFK-1 activity by ATP and the circumstance in…

A: Phosphofructokinase-1 is an regulatory enzyme of glycolysis. This enzyme catalyzes the rate limiting…

Q: By the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: a) NAD+ is oxidized to become NADH…

A: The glycolytic process results in pyruvate, which is a substantial source of acetyl-CoA for the TCA…

Q: What happens when NADPH concentration is high? The nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate…

A: NADPH is produced by the pentose phosphate pathway. NADPH molecules are required for the fatty acid…

Q: When the cell needs both NADPH and ATP, the most likely utilization of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway…

A: The pentose phosphate pathway synthesizes NADPH and pentose sugars required by the cells. The…

Q: Name the respiration pathway in the plants that is alternative to glycolysis and where does this…

A: Answer is pentose phosphate pathway but this is not unique to plants only it occurs in animals too.…

Q: In the conversion of glucose into two molecules of lactate, the NADH generated earlier in the…

A: NADH : It is a chemical that occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in the chemical process…

Q: How many net ATP molecules are produced during the reactions of photosynthesis for each molecule of…

A: The dark reaction or light independent reaction of photosynthesis reduces carbon dioxide to glucose.…

Q: The signaling pathway in mammalian cells that senses low oxygen inhibits the activity of the…

A: Animal cells produce ATP by cellular respiration, whereas plant cells produce carbohydrates through…

Q: Design a radiotracer experiment that would allow you to determine which proportion of glucose…

A: The ratio will provide the flux rate of carbon through the two pathways.

Q: 38) How many FADH are produced by PDH and the Kreb Cycle per molecule of pyruvate? How many ATP are…

A: Kreb's cycle refers to a series of chemical reactions that involve the breakdown of glucose and…

Q: The regulation of 1-phosphofructokinase occurs primarily by allosteric effectors, including ATP and…

A: Glycolysis   It is the 10 steps process of cellular respiration where one molecule of glucose is…

Q: Do you mean that "reaction themodynamically favorable" is the same as irreversible?  PFK-1…

A: The chemical reactions require energy to meet the activation energy needed. Hence we see that in…

Q: The synthesis of acetyl-CoA from pyruvic acid serves as a bridge between which of the following…

A: Aerobic respiration occurs in presence of oxygen. It includes glycolysis, citric acid cycle and…

Q: It is estimated that each electron pair donated by NADH leads to the synthesis of approximately…

A: The difference in ATP output between electrons provided by NADH and FADH2 is due mostly to the…

Q: How many ATPs are synthesized for every cytoplasmic NADH reducing equivalent that is transferred…

A: The malate-aspartate shuttle is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during…

Q: Write a balanced equation for HMP Pathway where by Fructose 6 phosphate and glyceroldehyde 3…

A: HMP Pathway where by Fructose 6 phosphate and glyceroldehyde 3 phosphate generated by each passage…

Q: In order to metabolize lactose, most infants express the enzyme lactase in their intestines.   How…

A: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that occurs in most organisms and is the primary pathway for the…

Q: What is the net ATP gain during glycolysis? Which electron carries are reduced during glycolysis?…

A: A metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions that occur in a specific order, catalyzed by…

Q: Which step(s) of cellular respiration would be directly inhibited by high concentrations of NADH?…

A: Cellular respiration involves breakdown of complex molecule such as carbohydrate (glucose) and…

Q: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in chloroplasts uses NADPH to participate in the synthesis…

A: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in the gluconeogenesis pathways utilizes NADH which…

Q: How is the malate shuttle used in the liver to increase the number of ATP generated from glycolysis?…

A: Malate aspartate shuttle is used to transfer reducing products with in the mitochondria and…

Q: One thing we've mentioned a lot in this class is that pyruvate can only undergo further oxidation…

A: The reason why pyruvate can only undergo further oxidation (via PDH enzyme and TCA cycle) in the…

Q: The following image is a schematic of the metabolic processes occurring in a plant contained in a…

A: In the given figure, two metabolic pathway is shown that is photosynthesis and respiration in plant.

Q: Besides two molecules of pyruvate, what are the other net products at the end of glycolytic pathway?

A: Besides two molecules of pyruvate, the other net products at the end of the glycolytic pathway are -…

Q: Assume that 2.5 ATPs are generated per NADH and 1.5 ATPs per FADH2. How many ATPs are generated from…

A: Beta oxidation is a catabolic pathway in which fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-coA. This…

Q: Describe the use of simple paths to determine the change in these by more complicated paths (ie…

A: Hess's Law states that the change in enthalpy of a chemical reaction will be the same , no matter…

Q: A cell is grown on minimal media containing only glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as a source of carbon…

A: Introduction :- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is a three-carbon molecule that is an important…

Photosynthesis

Plants have a capacity that we humans can only imagine— the ability to produce food from sunlight. Sure, we can prepare some dishes that we can savor on, but it become possible because of the plants (as they serve as a producers of all the raw materials required). Photosynthesis is the method of assembling carbohydrates with the aid of sunlight.