Patients with XP suffer extremely high incidence of skin cancer but have not been found to have correspondingly high incidences of cancer of internal organs (e.g. colon cancer). What might this suggest about the kinds of DNA damage responsible for most internal cancers?
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- Some cancers show increased incidence with age while others peak at younger ages. Whydo you suppose that some cancers have increased incidence with age while others peak inchildren?Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most commonand aggressive form of brain cancer in humans.Without any treatment, the mean survival rate is aboutthree months. Even with standard treatments such assurgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy, themean survival rate is between seven and 14 months.GBM tumors differ in their spectrum of geneticchanges, and these changes may influence the effectof particular treatments. Answer the following questions about the relevance of particular mutations toparticular treatments and outcomes.a. Biopsies of about 20% of GBMs show the expression of a certain mutational variant of the EGFR(epidermal growth factor receptor) protein calledEGFRvIII. The same cancerous cells of theseGBMs also show the expression of normal, wildtype EGFR. Is the gene encoding EGFR a tumorsuppressor gene or a proto-oncogene?b. It is very difficult to induce cells expressingEGFRvIII to undergo apoptosis. If you werea radiologist treating a patient with a GBMthat expresses…The growth fraction of the cancer types A 8, C, and D are 23%, 45%, 56%, and 78%, respectively. Which type of cancer is more suceptible to the chemotherapy?
- Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.Can we identify general featurescommon to all cancer cells—such astheir production of misfolded, mutatedproteins—that can be used for thetargeted destruction of many differenttypes of cancers?Explain the molecular mechanisms of cancers caused by a P53 gene mutation.
- (b): How many forms can naturally occurring DNA exist in? Explain how these forms are characterized. What properties of the functional groups determine the binding of DNA with anti-cancer agents? Explain.Describe two mechanisms by which genetic change causes cancer.Our government has finite funds to devote to cancer research.Discuss which of the following areas of research you think shouldreceive the most funding.A. Identifying and characterizing oncogenes and tumorsuppressorgenesB. Identifying agents in our environment that cause cancerC. Identifying viruses that cause cancer D. Devising methods aimed at killing cancer cells in the bodyE. Informing the public of the risks involved in exposure tocarcinogensIn the long run, in which of these areas would you expect successfulresearch to be the most effective in decreasing human mortalitydue to cancer?
- Explain about the below: Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting DNA Repair.One of the major characteristics of cancer is uncontrolled proliferation of cells. There are several more characteristics of cancer, name TWO more:In Metastatic Breast Cancer [such as in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Carcinoma, NOS; Breast Invasive Cancer, NOS; Invasive Breast Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Lobular Carcinoma; Breast Mixed Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma] what role does the genes Tp53 and Tp63 have? Would one of them affect the other (i.e. mutation, etc) or there is not relationship among the two genes at all.