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Juvenile Diabetes (Type I) is an autoimmune disease. What does this mean and how does this lead to high blood glucose levels?
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- Your client suffers from autoimmune-mediated, insulin insufficiency. Following a large meal rich in proteins (accompanied by a glass of wine), Your client takes her insulin injection. Within minutes she begins to experience palpitations and notices a slight tremor in her hands. Mary does not feel dizzy and is able to walk to the fridge and pour herself a glass of orange juice. What rating classification would be used to describe the severity of Mary’s hypoglycemia? Question 10 options: a) Mild hypoglycemia b) Moderate hypoglycemia c) Severe hypoglycemia d) She did not experience hypoglycemiaWhich neurotransmitter(s) are thought to play a critical role in the generation of the placebo response?In patients with type 2 diabetes, cells no longer respond to the hormone insulin. What change has likely occurred in these cells to make them insulin resistant?
- Which of the following best describes the role of the hexosamine pathway in the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus? Question 79 options: a) It involves irreversible binding of glucose to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids which damages components of the microcirculation leading to retinopathy, etc. b) It promotes the O-linked glycosylation of proteins and transcription factors, resulting in altered gene expression contributing to insulin resistance & cardiovascular complications c) It promotes the synthesis of DAG which increases pro-inflammatory gene expression and endothelial ET-1 production resulting in blood flow abnormalities d) It leads to intracellular accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol and fructose which damages Schwann cells, erythrocytes and the lens of the eyeGraves Disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroxine. This is caused by proteins that mimic TSH. The growth of thyroid tissue is overstimulated which causes the thyroid to become enlarged. This is otherwise known as a goitre. Explain why the removal of a part of the thyroid gland would be a potential treatment for Grave’s disease?The chronic complications associated with all types of diabetes result from which of the following? Question 40 options: a) Weight gain and hypertension b) Altered kidney function c) Damage to blood vessels and nerves d) Infections that deplete nutrient reserves
- Which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes pathophysiology are true? Select all that apply A) The immune system begins to attack pancreatic B-cells in response to elevated blood sugar B) The activated immune system destroys pancreatic ß cells C) Thelper cells are activated resulting in production of autoantibodies from self-reactive plasma cells D) The body does not produce self-reactive cytotoxic T cells30. Which type of diabetes is typically not treated with insulin? A) Type I diabetes B) Type II diabetes C) Gestational diabetes D) Idiopathic diabetes (such a cystic-fibrosis diabetes) Type IbFor our patient John with diabetes type II, he can make insulin but his body cells can be resistant to this insulin. Note: activated insulin receptors will activate glucose receptors. John takes a drug called metformin, in conjunction with regulating his diet and exercising. This drug has two main effects. First, it helps reduce hepatic (liver) production of glucose. Second, it helps cells become more sensitive to insulin. Explain how these two effects of metformin can help John.
- A person diagnosed with type 1 diabetes will exhibit all of the following symptoms except... a) The inability to produce insulin via the pancreas b) Increased blood pH c) The presence of ketone bodies in the urine d) Decreased blood pHA client with T2DM is admitted to the medical unit with pneumonia. The client’s oral antidiabetic medication has been discontinued and the patient is now receiving insulin for glucose control. Which of the following statements best explains the rationale for this change in medication? Question 73 options: a) Insulin administration will help prevent hypoglycemia during the illness b) Acute illnesses like pneumonia will cause increased insulin resistance c) Infection has compromised beta cell function so the client will need insulin from now on d) Stress-related conditions such as infections induce a hypermetabolic stateWhat is the most common cause of mortality in those with diabetes mellitus? Question 76 options: a) Renal failure b) Myocardial infarct and stroke c) Gangrene and sepsis d) Autonomic and somatic neuropathy
