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Juvenile Diabetes (Type I) is an autoimmune disease. What does this mean and how does this lead to high blood glucose levels?
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- Which of the following describes a feature of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes? Question 15 options: a) It is usually an autoimmune disease b) The pancreas makes little or no insulin c) Diabetic ketoacidosis is a common complication d) The liver increases production of glucoseWhy is insulin administered by injection instead of taken in tablet form?Which neurotransmitter(s) are thought to play a critical role in the generation of the placebo response?
- How does insulin resistance lead to failure of the β cells of the pancreas that results in type 2 diabetes?Which of the following best describes the role of the hexosamine pathway in the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus? Question 79 options: a) It involves irreversible binding of glucose to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids which damages components of the microcirculation leading to retinopathy, etc. b) It promotes the O-linked glycosylation of proteins and transcription factors, resulting in altered gene expression contributing to insulin resistance & cardiovascular complications c) It promotes the synthesis of DAG which increases pro-inflammatory gene expression and endothelial ET-1 production resulting in blood flow abnormalities d) It leads to intracellular accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol and fructose which damages Schwann cells, erythrocytes and the lens of the eyeWhat is thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs)?
- Why does creatinine concentration in the blood increase?Why do you suppose individuals with diabetes must receive insulin subcutaneously by injection rather than orally?Which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes pathophysiology are true? Select all that apply A) The immune system begins to attack pancreatic B-cells in response to elevated blood sugar B) The activated immune system destroys pancreatic ß cells C) Thelper cells are activated resulting in production of autoantibodies from self-reactive plasma cells D) The body does not produce self-reactive cytotoxic T cells
- The pathophysiology of chronic diabetic complications is related to which process? Question 65 options: a) Oxidative stress and ROS have a limited role in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus b) Sorbitol and fructose are products of the polyol pathway that accumulate and reduce intracellular osmotic pressure causing cellular injury c) AGEs are formed by the irreversible binding of glucose to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids d) The hexosamine pathway causes pathologic changes in gene expression associated with increased insulin activity and improved cardiovascular healthHow does insulin resistance lead to failure of the pancreatic β cells that results in type 2 diabetes?What is HbA1c? How does it differ from fasting blood glucose?
