Inhibiting the reverse transcriptase of HIV is a common method for treating HIV infections. a) The HIV reverse transcriptase has two separate functional domains. One domain has polymerase activity. What type of activity do you think the other domain would have?
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a)
The HIV reverse transcriptase has two separate functional domains. One domain has polymerase
activity. What type of activity do you think the other domain would have?](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Ff5357f27-02dc-4272-8034-c4fad113ceeb%2F5a377b42-6437-475c-b6b9-30364b5bd5ba%2Fcyddgkn_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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- Emtricitabine (2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine, abbreviated as FTC) is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat HIV. It works by reversibly binding to HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV RT) and by doing so, inhibits the virus from replicating itself. In an experiment, FTC and purified HIV RT are mixed at low concentrations and allowed to reach equilibrium. The concentrations measured are [FTC] = 10 nM, [HIV RT] = 37.5 nM, and [HIV RT-FTC] = 2.5 µM, for the equilibrium FTC + HIV RT= HIV RT-FTC. What is the Kd in nM?The success of HAART (highly active antiretrovial therapy) against HIV is based on the idea that the probability of having an HIV virion that can simultaneously resist multiple anti-HIV drugs is very low. You were asked to investigate whether the same principle can be applied to another RNA virus, called Virus X. This is what you know about Virus X. (1) For a given antiviral drug, approximately 1 in 1,000 virions may carry a mutation that confers resistance against the said drug. (2) Roughly a total of 1010 virions can be found in an individual infected with Virus X. Assuming that all the drugs work independently of each other (i.e., mutations that allow resistance to one drug have no effect on the resistance to the other drugs), then minimally how many drugs are needed for this treatment regimen to work? Question 4 options: 1) 7 2) 6 3) 5 4) 4 5) 3Moderna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.
- The same molecular process that causes antigenic drift in HIV can lead to resistance to some antiretroviral drugs used in HIV therapy. Which of the following explains why a combinationdifferent antiretroviral drugs is more effective than a single antiretroviral drug? Select ALL that apply.a).Each antiretroviral drug has a different mechanism of action and targets a different aspect of HIV replication.b).By using 3 different antiretroviral drugs at the same time, it is highly unlikely that a combination of mutations conferring drug resistance will occur at the same time.c)Administering 3 antiretroviral drugs achieves higher levels of each drug than administering just one antiretroviral drug.d).By using 3 different antiretroviral drugs, these drugs are likely to be more effective in inhibiting the same HIV enzyme than one antiretroviral drug.e),Administering 3 antiretroviral drugs is less toxic than administering one antiretroviral drug.The Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine is one of the vaccines currently being rolled out for mass vaccination in South Africa to protect the population against SARS CoV-2, and the active compound in this vaccine is an mRNA molecule. a) The starting material for productio of this vaccine is a copy of the coronavirus spike protein gene cloned into a ppasmid. List the main experimental steps in the vaccine production process, to go from a plamid to an mRNA molecule. b) Which molecular processes in the cell will allow an injected strand of mRNA to produce anti-Covid immunity in the vaccine recipient?AZT (zidovudine) inhibits the synthesis of the HIV virus RNA because AZT resembles substrate molecules. Which kind of inhibition is most likely taking place in this reaction?
- 72) Herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus are both in the herpes virus family, but of the two, only herpes simplex virus is susceptible to acyclovir. The reason for the differential sensitivity to acyclovir relates to which of the following characteristics of the drug? (A) It causes termination of elongation DNA chains (B) It inhibits herpesviral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (C) It inhibits herpesviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (D) It is phosphorylated by herpesvirus-encoded thymidine kinases (E) It is phosphorylated only by cellular thymidine kinasesBacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell. Explain why: 1. The invading phage DNA is recognized by the Cas proteins but not inserted into the CRISPR array region of the bacterial genome: The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection 2. The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a missense mutation that increases its cleavage/cut activityThe bacteria will elicit an immune response that will successfully fight the phage infectionThe new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein? Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage, given what you know about viruses? Some older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with…
- One of the reasons why phage therapy has not been applied widely is that bacteria can become resistant to bacteriophages as well, through mutations in genes encoding for specific proteins. What would be a protein in the bacterial cell that, if mutated, would make that cell resistant to phage infection?Finding drugs to treat viruses is far more challenging than finding drugs to treat bacteria. A. Why the difference? Ans: Viruses need a host cell to replicate and a bacteria needs food to continue to replicate. B. What can anti-viral drugs target in order to bring a viral infection under control, or to prevent a viral infection in the first place? Ans: To bring an infection under control you would want to inhibit protease so it could not break down the polypeptide protein chain down into new protein coats. C. What can anti-viral drugs target to prevent a viral infection in the first place? Ans: To prevent a viral infection in the first place you could take a medication that would alter the surface receptor, fill in the surface receptor or inhibits the viral surface protein all together. D. Offer 2 examples of drugs used to control viral infections (specify virus) and how do they work on different targets. Ans:…Identify the most mistaken (wrong) choice: a) Transcription machinery and an enhancer can bind to the chromosome at the same time. b) Organic matters may interfere with heat treatment of bacterial growth control. ( c) Nitrocellulose can be used to filter out microorganisms from a liquid solution. d) Time to kill a bacterial culture is not proportional to the number of microbes in the culture
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