In the signal transduction pathway, protein kinase A (select all that apply): Converts CAMP back into ATP. O Phosphorylates the effector protein. Is activated by CAMP. Stimulates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase that then converts ATP into CAMP. O Adds a phosphate group to the effector protein.
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Introduction
A signal transduction pathway is a complex network of molecular events that occurs within a cell in response to an external signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, or an internal signal, such as DNA damage. It is the process by which cells communicate with each other and with their environment.
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- Regarding olfaction, put the steps below in order for transduction. Question options: Odorant binds to olfactory receptor Adenylate cyclase is activated G-protein is activated inside receptor cell ATP is converted into cyclic AMP Cyclic AMP opens ion channels, causing depolarizationDescribe the protein kinase cascade stimulated by epinephrine in liver cells or by insulin in muscle cells. How can it go wrong? What happens if it goes wrong? Explain the usefulness of protein kinase cascades and mechanisms to shut them down. Please give explanations for every step of this pathway. Define all technical terms you use.Name three features common to the activation of cytokine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Name one difference with respect to the enzyme activity of these receptors.
- Label the molecules in this figure showing how IP3 and DAG function as second messengers. Note: not all labels are used. IP3 and calcium activating protein kinase C Activated phospholipase C DAG triggering calcium release Activated G-protein with GTR bound Siy IP3 triggering calcium release Phosphatidyl inositol Ligand bound to receptor DAG and calcium activating protein kinase C Activated G-protein with GDP bound Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. TH ,,Parkinson's Disease Parkinson's disease is neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Most people affected with Parkinson's disease demonstrate rigidity, slow movement, and shaking. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease occur when the cells that produce dopamine neurotransmitters die in the brain. Explain how the signal transmission at a synapse in an individual with Parkinson's disease is different than an unaffected individual. Describe the normal process of signal transmission at a synapse. Start with the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and include the name of the neurotransmitter that is affected by Parkinson's disease. Explain how the process is different in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.A neurotransmitter that binds to a G-protein-linked receptor, such as a biogenic amine, that promotes ___________________ is described as having _____________. Group of answer choices slower long lasting effects; indirect action slower long lasting; direct action fast long lasting effects; indirect action fast short lived; direct action fast long lasting; direct action
- Changes in intracellular Ca2+ is one of the main governing factors that determines the direction of plasticity (i.e., whether a synapse potentiates or depresses). Provide a general mechanism to explain how changes in intracellular Ca2+ can result in either synaptic depression or synaptic potentiation (refer to our discussion on kinases and phosphatases).Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain that regulates mood, cognition and locomotion. Which of the following are true about dopamine signaling in the synapse? Select all that apply. Presynaptic nerve cell Dendrites Axon Nerve impulse Myelin sheath Nerve impulse Neuro- transmitter Synapse Postsynaptic nerve cell Postsynaptic receptors Dopamine receptors are localized in the presynaptic membrane Action potential in presynaptic axon terminal results in the opening of chloride channels Dopamine receptors are localized in the postsynaptic membrane Action potential in presynaptic axon terminal results in the opening of calcium channelsThe figure below shows a signaling pathway activated by the binding of adrenaline to the beta-adrenergic receptor. Binding of adrenaline to the receptor causes GTP-binding and activation of G proteins. Active GTP-boundG protein activates adenylate cyclase to initiate a signaling cascade that affects cellular responses, and includes cellular changes to mediate increased heart rate and accounts for the flight-or-fight response. activated adrenaline activated B-adrenergic receptor adenylate cyclase adenylate cyclase G protein subunit GTP 3. GDP conformational ATP CAMP change in receptor heterotrimeric G protein ACAMP inactive protein kinase A active protein kinase A cellular responses Consider the homozygous mutation in which a cell produces a variant of the adrenergic receptor that is constitutively active in the absence of ligand. Which of the following are true in this cell? Select all that apply. Protein Kinase A is always activated CAMP concentration is higher than normal Heart rate…
- When a signal binds to the Tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK), you have studied that a list of events occur sequentially. Map the events in the correct order from 1st to the last step.Sort the following items based on which stage they are involved in: reception, transduction or response. Signaling molecule Receptor lyrosine kinase Protein synthesis G protein-coupled receptor cAMP Second messenger Ca2+ Phosphorylation cascade IP3 Adenylyl cyclaseIn the transduction pathway, protein kinase C (select all that apply): O Is activated by the second messenger IP3. Phosphorylates the Gq protein. Cleaves PIP2 into two different second messengers. Adds a phosphate group to the effector protein. O Is activated by the second messenger CAMP. Save for Later