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This is a signaling pathway that involves a second messenger: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP.
Which one is known as the second messenger?
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- Which of the following statements about G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic AMP is WRONG? Cyclic AMP is synthesized by adenylyl cyclase and degraded by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Many extracellular signals acting via G-protein-coupled receptors affect the activity of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and thus alter the concentration of cyclic AMP. The G protein alpha subunit switches itself off by hydrolyzing its bound GDP to GTP.The secondary messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in many different signaling pathways, including the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway. Which of the following describes an advantage of using cAMP as a secondary messenger in cell signaling? It conserves energy because cAMP can be converted to ATP. It increases signaling specificity because protein kinase A, the direct effector of cAMP, has few substrates. It prolongs the signal because cAMP is chemically stable and persists for a long time after ligand dissociation. It amplifies the signal because one molecule of activated adenylyl cyclase can produce many molecules of cAMP.You are studying a drug that affects a cAMP signalling pathway that is normally initiated when a signalling molecule binds to a G-protein coupled receptor. You determine that the drug prevents the hydrolysis of GTP bound to G-proteins in this pathway. Describe the impact, if any, that this drug would have on the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), assuming that the pathway has been activated by the presence of the signalling molecule (first messenger). Include an explanation for your response.
- when kidney cells secrete low levels of oxygen in the blood they secrete erythropoietin. in this particular signaling pathway (response to low oxygen) the secretion of erythropoietin represents which step of the signal transdution process?The hormones known as "catecholamines" (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine) are not lipid-soluble. Therefore their receptor sites are: O a) On the inside of the plasma membrane O b) On the outside of the plasma membrane O c) In the cell cytoplasm O d) In the cell nucleusName three features common to the activation of cytokine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Name one difference with respect to the enzyme activity of these receptors.
- The G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway elicits diverse intracellular responses in different cells. The basic steps of GPCR signaling are outlined in this diagram. Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of GPCR signaling? The GPCR activation is reversible after the signal of the ligand diminishes. The membrane-embedded enzyme uses GTP as a secondary messenger to initiate gene expression. The ligand attaches to both the GPCR and the membrane-embedded enzyme to activate the GPCR pathway. The ligand-bound GPCR sends a GTP molecule to an enzyme in the membrane and switches it into an active state.Which of the following is the most accurate process? Activation of G protein → change in activity of effector enzyme activation of protein kinase → change in second messenger levels. Change in second messenger levels → change in activity of effector enzyme → activation of protein kinase activation of G protein. Activation of G protein → change in activity of effector enzyme → change in second messenger levels → activation of protein kinase. Activation of G protein → change in second messenger levels activity of effector enzyme → activation of protein kinase. change inWhen activated extracellularly, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate which of the following? (select all that apply) a G protein signaling mechanism inside the cell. b) A G protein signaling mechanism outside the cell. c) Transporters to uptake degraded neurotransmitters for recycling. d) The release of neurotransmitter molecules into the postsynaptic cell.
- Which of the following steps amplify the epinephrine signal response in cells: receptor activation of G protein, G protein activation of adenylyl cyclase, cAMP activation of PKA, or PKA phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase (GPK)? Which change will have a greater effect on signal amplification: an increase in the number of epinephrine receptors or an increase in the number of Gαs proteins?Cholera toxins, produced by the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio cholerae, disrupt G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways. They interfere with... the ability of the beta subunit of a G protein to bind to the GPCR the ability of the gamma subunit of a G protein to exchange GDP for GTP the ability of the beta subunit of a G protein to bind to an effector protein the ability of the alpha subunit of a G protein to hydrolyze GTP to GDPGTPYS is a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP. Suppose this compound were added to a cell-free system containing active components of an adrenergic signaling system. What consequences would you expect? What would be the effects on CAMP levels? || -0-P-o-P-0-P-o-CH, guanine он он GTPYS -