In the Physician's Health Study, 22,071 male physicians participated in a study to determine whether taking a daily low-dose aspirin reduced the risk of heart attacks. The men were randomly assigned to two groups and the study was double- blind. After five years, 104 of the 11,037 men taking a daily low dose aspirin had had a heart attack while 189 of the 11,034 men taking a placebo had had a heart attack.' Does taking a daily low-dose aspirin reduce the risk of heart attacks?
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- The drug X is marketed to help protect against male pattern baldness, and it also may protect against prostate cancer. A large sampleof healthy men over age 60 were randomly assigned to receive either a daily drug X pill or a placebo. The study lasted nine years and the men had annual check-ups and a biopsy at the end of the study. Prostate cancer was found in 815 of 4368 men taking drug X and in 1176 of the 4698 men taking a placebo. What kind of a study is this and what mesure of assocation (rd, rr, or) can be used and why?A study is undertaken to determine if prenatal exposure to marijuana is associated with low birth weight in infants. Mothers of 50 infants weighing less than 5 pounds (low birth weight) and 50 infants weighing more than 7 pounds (normal birth weight) are questioned about their use of marijuana during pregnancy. The study finds that 20 mothers of low-birth-weight infants and 2 mothers of normal birth weight infants used the drug during pregnancy. In this study, the odds ratio associated with smoking marijuana during pregnancy is:There was a 5-year study of asthma among children in the state of Rhode Island. Children were followed and assessed for new asthma cases every year. At the beginning of the study 17 of the 2,400 children already had asthma. At the first yearly assessment 15 more kids had developed asthma. At the second yearly assessment 20 more kids had developed asthma. At the third assessment 34 more kids, at the fourth assessment 25 more kids, and at the final and fifth assessment 15 more kids had developed asthma. What was the point prevalence of asthma among children in RI at the beginning of the study? What was the cumulative incidence of asthma over the five-year study? What was the incidence density of asthma in the study?
- A study was performed to test the effectiveness of aspirin in the treatment of strokes. There were 200 patients in the study. A random sample of 110 of these patients were placed in the “aspirin” group, and the remaining 90 in the “control” group. After six months of treatment, all the patients were evaluated and their condition recorded as either favorable or unfavorable. Of the 110 “aspirin” patients, 72 had favorable outcomes; of the 90 “control” patients, 53 had favorable outcomes. We want to test the null hypothesis that the percentage of favorable outcomes is the same between the two conditions. Write down the box model for the null hypothesis as a sentence or picture of the box. Under the null hypothesis, the difference in the sample percentages is expected to be ________%, and the standard error for the difference is ________%. Calculate the appropriate two-sample z test statistic. Calculate the p-value and express what it means in plain…In a small study, a local community college investigated different indicators of college success. They found that: 0.36 of enrolled students had a full time job, 0.75 of enrolled students were enrolled full-time, and 0.19 of students enrolled full-tme also had a full-time job. According to the results of this study, are the outcomes "have a full-time job" and "enrolled full-time independent?Subjects with pre‑existing cardiovascular symptoms who were receiving subitramine, an appetite suppressant, were found to be at increased risk of cardiovascular events while taking the drug. The study included 9645 overweight or obese subjects with preexisting cardiovascular disease and/ or type 22 diabetes. The subjects were randomly assigned to subitramine (4798 subjects) or a placebo (4847 subjects) in a double‑blind fashion. The primary outcome measured was the occurrence of any of the following events: nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke, resuscitation after cardiac arrest, or cardiovascular death. The primary outcome was observed in 552 subjects in the subitramine group and 491 subjects in the placebo group. Do the data give good reason to think that there is a difference between the proportions of treatment and placebo subjects who experienced the primary outcome? (a) State hypotheses, find the test statistic and use either software or Table A for the ? Give both the test…
- A 2017 article in The New England Journal of Medicine details the results of a randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of a rotavirus gastroenteritis vaccine designed for infants. As per the authors: “Each year, rotavirus gastroenteritis is responsible for about 37% of deaths from diarrhea among children younger than 5 years of age worldwide, with a disproportionate effect in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Niger to evaluate the efficacy of a live, oral bovine rotavirus pentavalent vaccine (BRV-PV, Serum Institute of India) to prevent severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Healthy infants received three doses of the vaccine or placebo at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Episodes of rotavirus gastroenteritis were assessed through active and passive surveillance.” The following Kaplan-Meier curves show the time to a diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis separately for the vaccine and placebo samples. Infants were followed for up to 60…In randomized, double-blind clinical trials of a new vaccine, monkeys were randomly divided into two groups. Subjects in group 1 received the new vaccine while subjects in group 2 received a control vaccine. After the second dose, 117 of 750 subjects in the experimental group (group 1) experienced drowsiness as a side effect. After the second dose, 74 of 631 of the subjects in the control group (group 2) experienced drowsiness as a side effect. Does the evidence suggest that a higher proportion of subjects in group 1 experienced drowsiness as a side effect than subjects in group 2 at the a = 0.05 level of significance? Verify the model requirements. Select all that apply. O A. The samples are independent. B. The sample size is more than 5% of the population size for each sample. OC. n,P, (1-P1) 2 10 and n2p2 (1- P2) 2 10 D. The data come from a population that is normally distributed. E. The sample size is less than 5% of the population size for each sample. O F. The samples are…In a number of pharmaceutical studies volunteers who take placebos but they are told they have taken a cold remedy report the following side effects head ache 25%, drowsiness 7%, stomach upset 4%, no side effects 84%.a random sample of 250 people who were given a placebo but who thought they have taken an anti inflammatory reported whether they had experienced each of the side effects. Do the data presented in the table provide enough evidence to infer that the reported side effects of placebo for an anti inflammatory differ from that of a cold remedy? Use 10% significance level. Side effects number of people Headache 10 Drowsiness 19 Stomach upset 6 No side effect 215
- A survey of 1000 adults from a certain region asked, "If purchasing a used car made certain upgrades or features more affordable, what would be your preferred luxury upgrade?" The results indicated that 58% of the females and 51% of the males answered window tinting. The sample sizes of males and females were not provided. Suppose that of 600 females, 348 reported window tinting as their preferred luxury upgrade of choice, while of 400 males, 204 reported window tinting as their preferred luxury upgrade of choice. Complete parts (a) through (d) below. a. Is there evidence of a difference between males and females in the proportion who said they prefer window tinting as a luxury upgrade at the 0.05 level of significance? State the null and alternative hypotheses, where π1 is the population proportion of females who said they prefer window tinting as a luxury upgrade and π2 is the population proportion of males who said they prefer window tinting as a luxury…The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations mandated that hospitals ban smoking by 1994. To study the effects of this ban on smoking behaviors, subjects were randomly selected from two different populations: those from hospitals with the ban and those from hospitals without the ban. Investigators were interested in determining if this smoking ban had any impact on the proportion of smokers employed at each hospital that then quit smoking. Among 843 smoking employees of hospitals with the smoking ban, 56 quit smoking during the study period. Among 703 smoking employees from workplaces without the smoking ban, 27 quit smoking during the study period. Below is the Stata output that was run to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between these two proportions at the α=0.05 level. A. What is the estimate of the proportion of smokers from the hospitals that implemented the ban that quit smoking (the blank labeled "C" in the above output)?…According to a study on the effects of smoking by pregnant women on rates of asthma in their children, for expectant mothers who smoke 20 cigarettes per day, 22.2% of their children developed asthma by the age of two in the US. A biology professor at a university would like to test if the percentage is different in another country. She randomly selects 319 women who only deliver one child and smoke 20 cigarettes per day during pregnancy in that country and finds that 82 of the children developed asthma by the age of two. In this hypothesis test, Do the hypothesis test. Use a level of significance of a = 0.05; Use the unrounded values in Excel to find the answers for #3 and #4 1. This is an example of 2. Find the standard error. 3. Find the z value. Question 10 V a hypothesis test.