In glycolysis, the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate is considered irreversible. Yet, in gluconeogenesis, this "irreverisble" reaction is bypassed and pyruvate is eventually converted to PEP. Explain how gluconeogenesis bypasses this irreverisble reaction. For full credit, detail: 1) The enzymes required to convert pyruvate to PEP 2) The intermediate that is created 3) The "energetic cost" of the reaction(s) (For instance, is the hydrolysis of a high-energy bond in a nucleotide triphosphate necessary?)

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