In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is tightly packed in the form of chromatin. His-tones are positively charged proteins. Negatively charged DNA wraps tightlyaround these proteins to form nucleosomes. Additionally, there are othermechanisms for the compaction of chromatin.(a) Which histone(s) are critical for higher-order chromatin structure?(b) What are the non-histone proteins responsible for structuralmaintenance of chromosomes?(c) To initiate transcription, compact DNA must partially unwind. Explainthe role of histones in this process.(d) Micrococcal nuclease can cleaves DNA at sites where it can access DNAwithout any specificity of binding to a particular sequence. If chromatin isdigested with this nuclease, even for longer periods, a uniform length of146 bp DNA fragments will be formed. Explain.

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Answered: In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is tightly…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Histones contain many basic amino acids including lysine. DNA and histones collectively form chromatin. Open chromatin is much more open and accessible to the transcriptional machinery than closed chromatin. Histone lysine acetylation is associated with open chromatin and occurs near genes that are being actively transcribed. Part A Given what you know about the chemical properties of DNA and the function of histones. whv do histones contain so many basic amino acids? Answer in no more than two sentences. Part B Given what you know about how acetylation affects lysine, why does histone lysine acetylation open chromatin? Answer in one sentence only.
Forming nucleosomes and wrapping them into a 30-nm fiber provide part of the compaction of DNA in chromatin. If the fiber contains about six nucleosomes per 10 nm of length, what is the approximate compaction ratio achieved?
(a) Describe how dna binding proteins contact the dna (b)How does the acetylation of lysines on the N-terminal tails of histones influences gene expression?
What is the result when the core histones are acetylated via histone acetyltransferase? A) The result depends on which histone is modified. B) The DNA becomes more tightly associated with the core. O C) The DNA becomes less associated with the core. This modification has no effect on how tightly associated DNA will become with the core.
Genes are not always active in cells. The cell has evolved to edit its chromatin state in accord with the energy needs of the cell and organism. What are these two kinds of chromatin called and how does chromatin modeling work in cells? Name four of the known families of chromatin remodeling complexes enzyme complexes that act directly on DNA to alter nucleosome composition in transcribed regions.
A previously undiscovered single celled organism was found living at a great depth on the ocean floor. Its nucleus contains only a single, linear chromosome consisting of 7x10^6 nucleotide pairs of DNA coalesced with three types of histone-like proteins. The analysis of individual nucleosomes revealed that each unit contained one copy of each protein and that the short linker DNA had no protein bound to it If the entire chromosome consists of nucleosomes (discounting any linker DNA), how many are there and how many total proteins are needed to form them?
To hold bacterial DNA in a more compact configuration, specificproteins must bind to the DNA and stabilize its conformation.Several different proteins are involved in this process. Some of theseproteins, such as H-NS, have been referred as histone-like, due totheir functional similarity to the histone proteins found in eukaryotes.Based on your knowledge of eukaryotic histone proteins, whatbiochemical properties would you expect bacterial histone-likeproteins to have?
Histone genes are unusual among eukaryotic genes because they do not have introns, and histone mRNAs do not have poly(A) tails. Moreover, in almost all eukaryotes, histone genes are arranged in multiple tandem domains, each domain carrying one copy of each of the five histone genes. Explain these features in terms of the special requirements for histone synthesis.
Describe the packaging of chromosomal DNA by histones with diagrammatic representations. Name the various histone modifications and describe any two among them.
The average human chromosome contains about 1 x 108 bp of DNA.(a) If each base pair has a mass of about 660 daltons and there are about 2 g of protein (histones plus nonhistones) per gram of DNA, how much doessuch a chromosome weigh (in grams)?(b) If the DNA were extended, how long would it be?(c) An actual chromosome is about 5 mm long. What is the approximatecompaction ratio?(d) You have about 4 x 1012 cells in your body. If you have 46 chromosomes in each cell, what is the approximate extended length of all of your DNA? For comparison, the distance from the earth to the sun isabout 1.5 x 108 km.
You discover a histone variant that has more positive charge than conventional histone proteins. What effect do you predict this histone variant would have when it is inserted into chromatin? A decrease in the strength of histone-DNA interaction, making chromatin less condensed and increasing gene expression An increase in the strength of histone-DNA interaction, making chromatin less condensed and decreasing gene expression An increase in the strength of histone-DNA interaction, making chromatin more condensed and decreasing gene expression O A decrease in the strength of histone-DNA interaction, making chromatin less condensed and decreasing gene expression
Protein complex present at centromeres in mitotic cells structure formed when DNA wraps around an octameric histone core Protein complex that is degraded at anaphase to allow sister chromatids to separate at mitosis microtubule based structure used to segregate chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis 1. cohesin complex 2. kinetochore 3. monopolin 4. nucleosome 5. synaptonemal complex 6. telomere 7. sister chromatid 8. spindle

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