In Escherichia coli, four different Hfr strains, derived from the same F strains, were mated with F- strains auxotrophic for a number of nutritional requirements (Arg Bio Cys Trp Gal His Lac Mal Xyl Leu Met). Matings were interrupted at various intervals and cells were plated on minimal medium supplemented with particular nutrients to test for gene transfer. The following results show the time of entry for each of the genes in four different Hfr strains. Table 1: Time-of-Entry Mapping Data* Hfr strains Genes arg* | bio" 9. his lac mal" | xyl cys trp' gal leu met Hfr 1 Hfr 2 Hfr 3 Hfr 4 6.5 15 11.5 2.5 3.5 15 4. 11 17.5 20 6. 5 14.5 * The numbers denote the number of minutes elapsed before a gene enters the F cells. Draw a circular map of E. coli chromosome.

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Bacterial Genomics

The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.

Transformation Experiment in Bacteria

In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.

Plasmids and Vectors

The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.