he Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine is one of the vaccines currently being rolled out for mass vaccination in South Africa to protect the population against SARS CoV-2, and the active compound in this vaccine is an mRNA molecule. a) The starting material for productio  of this vaccine is a copy of the coronavirus spike protein gene cloned into a ppasmid. List the main experimental steps in the vaccine production process, to go from a plamid to an mRNA molecule.   b) Which molecular processes in the cell will allow an injected strand of mRNA to produce anti-Covid immunity i

Q: You have two cell lines named ViRa and SaSi growing in your lab. ViRa is susceptible to poliovirus…

A: The question is asking about the production of infectious virus in two different cell lines, ViRa…

Q: Can you please pick the right answer in each parentheses? The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is a…

A: The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is a carbohydrate

Q: Describe the reason behind the occurrence of phage growth and release by the mating with the…

A: Bacteriophages frequently transition between the lytic and lysogenic states. The two gene regulatory…

Q: test, four target gene are used: viral RdRp, viral S protein, viral N protein, and human RPP30. On a…

A: In the PCR test, the primer is used to determine the specific sequence present in the sample.

Q: (A)What strategy/type of vaccine would you pursue with the hopes of developing a vaccine to a new…

A: *Coronaviruses large and enveloped RNA viruses containing single stranded RNA positive sense strand.…

Q: % Cells Cause Tumors Retrovirus Transformation Assay 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 10 -Virus A -Virus B 20…

A: Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another or to a host…

Q: In the extraordinary times in which we live, biotechnology is playing a vital role in helping to…

A: COVID-19 affects different people in different ways- Most common symptoms: fever dry cough…

Q: Most humans are not easily infected by avian influenza. How, then, do DNA sequences from avian…

A: Deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material of most organisms that carry coded genetic…

Q: What are the steps in making an mRNA vaccine?

A: mRNA vaccines combine ideal immunological houses with an exceptional protection profile and the…

Q: companies developing vaccines,drugs and diagnostic for covid-19 for being forced to scale up…

A: AS we know that companies are developing COVID-19 vaccines, drugs, and diagnostic, But to meet the…

Q: CRISPR has been well and truly deployed in the fight against COVID-19, but what potential does it…

A: It is a powerful technology for editing gene functions, alter the DNA sequences, and modify the…

Q: During the analysis of seven rII mutations in phage T4, mutants1, 2, and 6 were in cistron A, while…

A: A variation in the sequence of the DNA is termed as the mutation. It results in cell division,…

Q: Which of the delivery techniques mentioned in Table 2 can be used to best transfer recombinant…

A: * They are many techniques for delivering the recombinant plasmids into the recipient cells. *…

Q: Comment on the failure of p1vir transduction experiments and give a reason why you think the…

A: transduction experiments is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to introduce foreign DNA…

Q: Order the following experimental steps to identify auxotrophic mutants in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae…

A: The objective of the question is to order the steps to identify auxotrophic mutants in Saccharomyces…

Q: A disgruntled scholar recently tried to infect their instructor with what appeared the  GVV…

A: Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a method for analyzing entire genomes. It is mainly used for…

Q: How the use of the nucleic acid vaccine gives protection against diseases like COVID-19. Please…

A: We know that Vaccines are usually prepared using a minimal amount of the weakened or dead form of…

Q: A researcher is studying the rl/ locus of phage T4. Three -- strains are obtained: A, B, and C. E.…

A: Lysis is the process by which a bacterial cell is ruptured or broken down due to the release of…

Q: In this western blot, the levels of TBK remain constant with increasing amounts/expression of the…

A: TBK-1 gene encodes an enzyme known as TBK-1 (TANK binding kinase-1). This is a…

Q: In the study of the SARS-CoV virus protein codes, it was discovered that eight potential open…

A: Answer: SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV = These are the infectious respiratory diseases causing viruses.…

Q: In the publication that provided the first evidence of CRISPRCasas an adaptive immune system…

A: CRISPR is a primitive adaptive immune system that bacteria use to defend themselves against viral…

Q: Human Papillomaviruses has of many strains. Some of them cause warts while others can cause cancer.…

A: *Human papillomaviruses are type of viruses that causes abnormal tissue growth and cause other…

Q: ) O The bacteriophage can exit the lysogenic state depending on the condition of host c 3) O While…

A: Bacteriophage is a very very small virus that lives on the bacteria. it has two types of cycles the…

Q: The following are lambda phage gene deletions. What lambda lifestyle will result from each deletion?…

A: Lambda phage is a enterobacteria phage that is responsible for E.coli infection   It has a double…

Q: In a study, bacterial culture of E. coli was infected with bacteriophage. How- ever, these cultures…

A: A restriction endonuclease is a bacterial enzyme that cuts double stranded DNA by cleaving the…

Q: prc nt'

A: Scientists use the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology to amplify small amounts of RNA from…

Q: In E. coli, the gene bioD+ encodes an enzyme involved in biotin synthesis, and galK+ encodes an…

A: Transduction is a process of gene transfer in which DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from a source is…

Q: The clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is like a bacterial…

A:

Q: The diagrams below represent nucleic acid genomic material and a finished product after the viral…

A: let's break down the reasoning behind identifying the viruses based on the provided diagrams and…

Q: The bacteriophage genome consists primarily of genes encodingproteins that make up the head, collar…

A: The virus is microscopic and is even smaller than bacteria. They have their genetic material…

Q: evasion? Because the spike protein is the target of COVID-19 vaccines. Because mutations in the…

A: A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence.Mutations arise spontaneously at low…

Q: position of the Start and Stop. The GFP and RFP genes shown do not have start

A: The Cre-Lox system is a widely used tool in genetic engineering for site-specific modifications in…

Q: What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages? In the lysogenic…

A: Bacteriophages are the viruses that are known to infect the bacteria. Once virus enters inside the…

Q: Discuss the key events in the production of recombinant subunit vaccine?

A: The technology used for joining different DNA molecules from different species is known as…

Q: In recombination studies of the rII locus in phage T4, what is the significance of the value…

A: Seymour Benzer developed an experimental system around 1950s for analyzing various subparts of a…

Q: Bacteriophage P22 was used in generalised transduction experiments to infect the Salmonella…

A: The horizontal transfer of the genetic material from donor bacteria to the recipient bacteria via…

Q: Ahmed had isolated bacteria from the sputum of a patient that seemed somewhat resistant to their…

A: The phage-resistant bacteria may develop with time just like the antibiotic-resistant bacteria.…

Q: How are inactivated vaccine and mRNA vaccine produced? From what you know about DNA technology and…

A: Inactivated vaccines are made up of virus particles, bacteria, or other pathogens that have been…

Q: 3 types of common coronavirus tests (RT-PCR for viral RNA with Taqman detection, lateral flow…

A: Coronavirus has spread like a wildfire and the disease caused by it has turned into a global…

Q: You wish to produce a subunit vaccine for a nonenveloped positive‐sense RNA virus that will…

A: * There are two kinds of viruses based on presence of outer layer  Enveloped virus  Non enveloped…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.