Galactosemia is a metabolic condition, caused by a recessive allele, which prevents affected patients from breaking down certain sugars. In infants galactosemia can lead to a toxic build-up of the by- product galactol, but negative effects can be minimized if the condition is identified early and the child is kept on a diet free from lactose or galactose. John and Maggie both know they are carriers of the galactosemia allele. They have just been married and hope to start a large family. If they have four children, what is the chance that none of them will be affected by the disease? (4 points)

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Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.